[{"term":"NEPSE","definition":"Think of it as the 'Supermarket' for shares in Nepal. It is the place where buying and selling happens.","termNp":"नेप्से (NEPSE)","definitionNp":"यो नेपालको शेयर बजार हो। जसरी तरकारी बजारमा तरकारी किनबेच हुन्छ, यहाँ कम्पनीहरूको शेयर किनबेच हुन्छ।","details":"Nepal Stock Exchange (NEPSE) is the only stock exchange in Nepal. It is where shares of banks, hydropower companies, and insurance companies are traded every day (Sunday to Thursday, 11 AM - 3 PM). It's Nepal's lone 'share supermarket' – no bargaining like in Asan Bazaar, just bids and offers that can make your heart race faster than a Kathmandu traffic jam!","detailsNp":"नेपाल स्टक एक्सचेन्ज (NEPSE) नेपालको एक मात्र शेयर बजार हो। यहाँ बैंक, हाइड्रोपावर, बीमा कम्पनी आदिको शेयर हरेक दिन (आइतबार देखि बिहीबार, ११ बजे देखि ३ बजे सम्म) किनबेच हुन्छ। यो नेपालको एक्लो 'शेयर सुपरमार्केट' हो – असन बजार जस्तो मोलतोल हुँदैन, बिड र अफरले मुटुको धड्कन काठमाडौंको ट्राफिक जामभन्दा छिटो बढाउँछ!","category":"General","level":"Beginner","link":"https://nepalstock.com","linkText":"Visit NEPSE Website"},{"term":"Demat Account","definition":"A 'Bank Account' but for shares. When you buy shares, they are stored digitally in this account.","termNp":"डिम्याट खाता (Demat Account)","definitionNp":"शेयर राख्ने 'बैंक खाता'। जसरी पैसा बैंकमा राखिन्छ,, शेयरहरू यस खातामा सुरक्षित राखिन्छ।","details":"You cannot buy shares without a Demat account. In the past, shares were paper certificates, but now they are digital. You must renew your Demat account annually (usually costs Rs. 100 per year). Forget to renew and your shares might stage a dramatic protest – like a load-shedding schedule gone wrong!","detailsNp":"डिम्याट खाता बिना तपाईं शेयर किन्न सक्नुहुन्न। पहिले शेयरहरू कागजको प्रमाणपत्र हुन्थे, तर अहिले सबै डिजिटल छन्। तपाईंले हरेक वर्ष आफ्नो डिम्याट खाता नवीकरण गर्नुपर्छ (प्रायः १०० रुपैयाँ लाग्छ)। नवीकरण बिर्सियो भने शेयरहरूले लोडसेडिङ तालिका जस्तो विद्रोह गर्न सक्छन्!","category":"General","level":"Beginner"},{"term":"MeroShare","definition":"An app/website to check your Demat account (see your shares) and act as a portal to fill IPOs easily.","termNp":"मेरो शेयर (MeroShare)","definitionNp":"आफ्नो डिम्याट खातामा कति शेयर छ हेर्ने र आईपीओ (IPO) भर्ने मोबाइल एप वा वेबसाइट।","details":"MeroShare is a service provided by CDSC. You typically pay Rs. 50 per year for this. It allows you to apply for IPOs with just a few clicks from your home and view your portfolio value. It's like having a personal butler for your shares – minus the tea and samosas!","detailsNp":"मेरो शेयर CDSC ले दिने सेवा हो। यसको लागि वर्षको ५० रुपैयाँ तिर्नुपर्छ। यसबाट तपाईं घरमै बसेर सजिलै आईपीओ भर्न सक्नुहुन्छ र आफ्नो पोर्टफोलियोको कुल मान हेर्न सक्नुहुन्छ। यो तपाईंको शेयरहरूको लागि व्यक्तिगत बटलर जस्तो हो – चिया र समोसा बिना!","category":"General","level":"Beginner","link":"https://meroshare.cdsc.com.np","linkText":"Go to MeroShare Login"},{"term":"Broker","definition":"The middleman 🤝. You can't go to NEPSE directly; you must buy/sell through them.","termNp":"ब्रोकर (Broker)","definitionNp":"बिचौलिया वा मध्यस्थकर्ता 🤝। तपाईं सिधै नेप्से जान पाउनुहुन्न, शेयर किनबेच गर्न यिनीहरूको मार्फत जानुपर्छ।","details":"There are about 50+ licensed brokers in Nepal. You need to visit one (or apply online) to open your trading account. They charge a small commission on every trade you make. They're the matchmakers of the stock world – introducing buyers to sellers, for a tiny fee that adds up faster than festival shopping!","detailsNp":"नेपालमा ५० भन्दा बढी अनुमति प्राप्त ब्रोकरहरू छन्। ट्रेडिङ खाता खोल्नको लागि तपाईंले कुनै एक ब्रोकरकहाँ जानुपर्छ (वा अनलाइन आवेदन दिनुपर्छ)। उनीहरूले तपाईंको हरेक कारोबारमा सानो कमिसन लिन्छन्। उनीहरू शेयर संसारका 'मिलाउने' हुन् – खरिदकर्ता र बिक्रेतालाई जोडिदिन्छन्, चाडपर्वको किनमेलभन्दा छिटो जोडिन सक्ने शुल्कसँगै!","category":"General","level":"Beginner","link":"https://nepalstock.com.np/brokers","linkText":"View List of Brokers"},{"term":"Portfolio","definition":"Your collection. All the different shares and funds you own, looked at together as one big bag.","termNp":"पोर्टफोलियो (Portfolio)","definitionNp":"तपाईंको कुल सम्पत्ति। तपाईंसँग भएका सबै कम्पनीका शेयरहरूको समग्र संग्रह वा 'झोला' हो।","details":"A good portfolio has a mix of different sectors (e.g., some Banks, some Hydro, some Insurance). This balances your risk—if Hydro goes down, maybe Banks will go up. It's like a balanced Nepali thali – too much dal bhat and no veggies, and you'll regret it later!","detailsNp":"राम्रो पोर्टफोलियोमा विभिन्न क्षेत्रको मिश्रण हुन्छ (जस्तै केही बैंक, केही हाइड्रो, केही बीमा)। यसले जोखिम सन्तुलन गर्छ— हाइड्रो घट्यो भने बैंक बढ्न सक्छ। यो नेपाली थाली जस्तै हो – धेरै दालभात र तरकारी नहुँदा पछि पछुतो लाग्छ!","category":"General","level":"Beginner"},{"term":"AGM","definition":"Annual General Meeting. The big yearly party/meeting where shareholders vote and dividends are passed.","termNp":"वार्षिक साधारण सभा (AGM)","definitionNp":"वर्षको एक पटक हुने कम्पनीको ठूलो बैठक, जहाँ शेयरधनीहरूले भोट हाल्छन् र लाभांश पारित गरिन्छ।","details":"Every public company MUST hold an AGM once a year. As a shareholder, you are invited to attend, eat, ask questions to the CEO, and vote on important decisions. It's the only time you get free food while discussing why your dividends are smaller than expected!","detailsNp":"हरेक पब्लिक कम्पनीले वर्षको एक पटक AGM गर्नै पर्छ। शेयरधनीको रूपमा, तपाईंलाई उपस्थित हुन, खाना खान, CEO लाई प्रश्न सोध्न र निर्णयमा भोट हाल्न निम्तो दिइन्छ। यो वर्षमा एक पटक मात्र फ्री खाना खाएर 'लाभांश किन यति थोरै?' भन्ने छलफल गर्ने मौका हो!","category":"General","level":"Beginner"},{"term":"C-ASBA","definition":"The bridge 🌉 connecting your Bank Account to your Share Account for payments.","termNp":"सि-आस्वा (C-ASBA)","definitionNp":"तपाईंको बैंक खाता र शेयर खाता (Demat) लाई जोड्ने पुल 🌉। यसकै मद्दतले आईपीओ भर्दा पैसा रोक्का गरिन्छ।","details":"To apply for IPOs, you must register for C-ASBA at your bank. It allows the bank to 'Block' the money in your account when you apply. If you get the IPO, money is cut; if not, it is released. It's like putting your money in a temporary 'jail' – innocent until proven allocated!","detailsNp":"आईपीओ भर्नको लागि तपाईंले आफ्नो बैंकमा C-ASBA दर्ता गर्नुपर्छ। यसले गर्दा तपाईंले आवेदन दिँदा बैंकले तपाईंको खातामा पैसा 'ब्लक' (रोक्का) गर्छ। यदि शेयर पर्यो भने पैसा काटिन्छ, नपरे फिर्ता हुन्छ। यो पैसालाई अस्थायी 'जेल' मा राख्नु जस्तो हो – आवंटित नभएसम्म निर्दोष!","category":"General","level":"Beginner"},{"term":"CRN Number","definition":"A secret code provided by your bank. You need this to verify your identity when applying for IPOs.","termNp":"CRN नम्बर","definitionNp":"बैंकले दिने एउटा गोप्य कोड। आईपीओ भर्दा तपाईं नै खातावाला हो भनेर चिनाउन यो नम्बर चाहिन्छ।","details":"CRN (C-ASBA Registration Number) is linked to your bank account. Never share this code with strangers as it is used to authorize deductions from your bank. Treat it like your ATM PIN – lose it and you'll be crying louder than during a NEPSE crash!","detailsNp":"CRN (C-ASBA रजिस्ट्रेसन नम्बर) तपाईंको बैंक खातासँग जोडिएको हुन्छ। यो कोड अपरिचितलाई कहिल्यै नदिनुहोस् किनकि यसबाट तपाईंको खाताबाट पैसा काट्न अनुमति दिइन्छ। यो ATM PIN जस्तो हो – हरायो भने नेप्सेको क्र्यासमा जस्तो रुनुपर्छ!","category":"General","level":"Beginner"},{"term":"Primary Market","definition":"The 'First Hand' market where companies sell shares directly to the public for the first time.","termNp":"प्राथमिक बजार (Primary Market)","definitionNp":"कम्पनीले पहिलो पटक सर्वसाधारणलाई शेयर बिक्री गर्ने बजार। यसलाई 'पहिलो हात' को बजार पनि भनिन्छ।","details":"When you apply for an IPO, you are participating in the Primary Market. The money you pay goes directly to the company to help it grow its business. It's like buying fresh veggies straight from the farmer – no middleman markup, just pure excitement (and possible oversubscription lottery)!","detailsNp":"जब तपाईं आईपीओ भर्नुहुन्छ, तपाईं प्राथमिक बजारमा सहभागी हुनुहुन्छ। तपाईंले तिरेको पैसा सिधै कम्पनीको खातामा जान्छ र कम्पनी बढाउन प्रयोग गरिन्छ। यो किसानबाट सिधै तरकारी किन्नु जस्तो हो – मध्यस्थ नहुने, शुद्ध उत्साह (र सम्भावित ओभरसब्स्क्रिप्सन लटरी)!","category":"General","level":"Beginner"},{"term":"Secondary Market","definition":"The 'Second Hand' market where investors buy and sell shares among themselves. This is NEPSE.","termNp":"दोस्रो बजार (Secondary Market)","definitionNp":"लगानीकर्ताहरूले आपसमा शेयर किनबेच गर्ने बजार। नेप्से (NEPSE) दोस्रो बजार हो।","details":"After an IPO is listed, it enters the Secondary Market. Here, the company doesn't get your money; instead, you buy from or sell to another investor like yourself via a broker. It's the 'used shares' bazaar – prices haggle themselves based on rumors, news, and panic attacks!","detailsNp":"आईपीओ सूचीकृत भएपछि यो दोस्रो बजारमा आउँछ। यहाँ कम्पनीले पैसा पाउँदैन; तपाईंले आफू जस्तै अर्को लगानीकर्ताबाट शेयर किन्नुहुन्छ वा बेच्नुहुन्छ। यो 'पुरानो शेयर' को बजार हो – मूल्यहरू अफवाह, समाचार र घबराहटले आफैं मोलतोल गर्छन्!","category":"General","level":"Beginner"},{"term":"Shareholder","definition":"A part-owner of a company. If you own even 10 kitta of a bank, you are its shareholder.","termNp":"शेयरधनी (Shareholder)","definitionNp":"कम्पनीको आंशिक मालिक। यदि तपाईंसँग कुनै बैंकको १० कित्ता मात्र शेयर छ भने पनि तपाईं त्यसको मालिक हुनुहुन्छ।","details":"Being a shareholder gives you rights like receiving dividends, voting in the AGM, and getting a share of the company's assets if it closes. You're a mini-owner – proud until the dividend is tiny and the AGM snacks run out!","detailsNp":"शेयरधनी हुनुको अर्थ तपाईंले कम्पनीको लाभांश पाउने, साधारण सभामा भोट हाल्ने र कम्पनीको उन्नतिबाट फाइदा लिने अधिकार पाउनु हो। तपाईं मिनी मालिक हुनुहुन्छ – लाभांश थोरै र AGM को खाना सकिएपछि मात्र गर्व लाग्छ!","category":"General","level":"Beginner"},{"term":"Board of Directors","definition":"A group of people elected by shareholders to make big decisions and oversee the company.","termNp":"सञ्चालक समिति (BOD)","definitionNp":"शेयरधनीहरूले चुनेका मानिसहरूको समूह, जसले कम्पनीको ठूला निर्णयहरू गर्छन् र रेखदेख गर्छन्।","details":"The BOD (Board of Directors) represents the interests of shareholders. They appoint the CEO and decide how much dividend should be distributed each year. They're the 'parents' of the company – promising big allowances but often delivering pocket change!","detailsNp":"सञ्चालक समितिले शेयरधनीहरूको प्रतिनिधित्व गर्छ। उनीहरूले नै कम्पनीको CEO नियुक्त गर्छन् र कति लाभांश दिने भनेर निर्णय गर्छन्। उनीहरू कम्पनीका 'अभिभावक' हुन् – ठूलो भत्ता обещा गर्छन् तर प्रायः खल्ती परिवर्तन मात्र दिन्छन्!","category":"General","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Listed Company","definition":"A company whose shares are approved to be traded on the Nepal Stock Exchange (NEPSE).","termNp":"सूचीकृत कम्पनी (Listed Company)","definitionNp":"नेपाल स्टक एक्सचेन्ज (NEPSE) मा कारोबार गर्न अनुमति पाएको कम्पनी।","details":"Only listed companies can be traded on NEPSE. To stay listed, companies must follow SEBON's rules and publish their financial reports regularly. It's like being on the 'VIP guest list' – break the rules and you're politely (or not so politely) shown the door!","detailsNp":"नेप्सेमा सूचीकृत कम्पनीहरूको मात्र शेयर किनबेच हुन सक्छ। सूचीकृत रहिरहन कम्पनीले नियमहरू पालना गर्नुपर्छ र नियमित रूपमा आफ्नो रिपोर्ट सार्वजनिक गर्नुपर्छ। यो 'भिपी गेस्ट लिस्ट' मा हुनु जस्तो हो – नियम भङ्ग गरे 'नम्रतापूर्वक' (वा ननम्र) ढोकाबाट बाहिर पठाइन्छ!","category":"General","level":"Beginner"},{"term":"Face Value","definition":"The original or starting price of a share, which is usually Rs. 100 in Nepal.","termNp":"अंकित मूल्य (Face Value)","definitionNp":"शेयरको सुरुवाती वा वास्तविक मूल्य। नेपालमा प्रायः सबै शेयरको अंकित मूल्य १०० रुपैयाँ हुन्छ।","details":"Most initial public offerings (IPOs) are issued at face value. Dividends and bonus shares are also calculated based on this Rs. 100 value, not the market price. It's the 'birth certificate' price – no matter how old and wrinkly the market price gets, face value stays forever young at 100!","detailsNp":"धेरैजसो आईपीओ १०० रुपैयाँमै जारी गरिन्छ। लाभांश र बोनस शेयरको हिसाब पनि बजार मूल्यमा नभई यही १०० रुपैयाँको आधारमा गरिन्छ। यो 'जन्म प्रमाणपत्र' मूल्य हो – बजार मूल्य जति बुढो र खुँडो भए पनि अंकित मूल्य सधैं १०० मै जवान रहन्छ!","category":"General","level":"Beginner"},{"term":"Authorized Capital","definition":"The maximum amount of share capital that a company is legally allowed to issue to its shareholders.","termNp":"अधिकृत पुँजी (Authorized Capital)","definitionNp":"कम्पनीले कानूनतः आफ्ना शेयरधनीलाई जारी गर्न पाउने अधिकतम पुँजी।","details":"It is specified in the company's memorandum. If a company wants to issue more shares than its authorized capital, it must first increase this limit through an AGM and regulatory approval. It's the company's 'credit limit' – exceed it and you need a special meeting with the family (AGM) to beg for more!","detailsNp":"यो कम्पनीको प्रबन्धपत्रमा तोकिएको हुन्छ। यदि कम्पनीले यो सीमाभन्दा बढी शेयर जारी गर्न चाहेमा साधारण सभाबाट निर्णय गराएर सीमा बढाउनुपर्छ। यो कम्पनीको 'क्रेडिट लिमिट' हो – नाघ्यो भने परिवार (AGM) सँग विशेष बैठक बसेर थप माग्नुपर्छ!","category":"General","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Paid-up Capital","definition":"The actual amount of money that a company has received from shareholders in exchange for shares.","termNp":"चुक्ता पुँजी (Paid-up Capital)","definitionNp":"कम्पनीले शेयर जारी गरेर शेयरधनीहरूबाट वास्तवमै प्राप्त गरेको पुँजी।","details":"When you look at a bank's size in Nepal, you often look at its Paid-up Capital. NRB sets minimum paid-up capital requirements for banks and financial institutions. It's the 'actual money in the wallet' – authorized capital is just window shopping!","detailsNp":"नेपालमा बैंकहरूको क्षमता हेर्दा चुक्ता पुँजीलाई मुख्य आधार मानिन्छ। राष्ट्र बैंकले बैंक तथा वित्तीय संस्थाहरूको लागि न्यूनतम चुक्ता पुँजी तोकेको हुन्छ। यो 'खल्तीमा भएको वास्तविक पैसा' हो – अधिकृत पुँजी त साधारण खरिद हेर्ने जस्तो मात्र हो!","category":"General","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Company Secretary","definition":"A senior position in a company responsible for ensuring the company complies with financial and legal rules.","termNp":"कम्पनी सचिव (Company Secretary)","definitionNp":"कम्पनीको कानूनी र वित्तीय नियमहरूको पालना सुनिश्चित गर्ने जिम्मेवार व्यक्ति।","details":"The Company Secretary handles communication between the Board of Directors and shareholders. They are often the point of contact for AGM-related notices and queries. They're the company's 'chief reminder officer' – making sure everyone files paperwork before the regulator knocks!","detailsNp":"कम्पनी सचिवले सञ्चालक समिति र शेयरधनीबीच सञ्चारको काम गर्छन्। साधारण सभा सम्बन्धी सूचना र लगानीकर्ताका जिज्ञासाहरू यिनले नै हेर्छन्। उनीहरू कम्पनीका 'मुख्य सम्झाउने अधिकारी' हुन् – नियामकले ढोका ढकढकाउनुअघि कागजात फाइल गर्न सम्झाउँछन्!","category":"General","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Stop Loss","definition":"An order placed to sell a share when it reaches a certain price to prevent further losses.","termNp":"स्टप लस (Stop Loss)","definitionNp":"घाटा थप बढ्न नदिनको लागि निश्चित मूल्यमा पुग्ने बित्तिकै शेयर बेच्ने आदेश।","details":"Stop Loss is a crucial tool for risk management. If you buy a share at Rs. 500 and don't want to lose more than 10%, you can set a Stop Loss at Rs. 450. It's your financial 'eject button' – because watching a stock freefall is more painful than missing the last bus home!","detailsNp":"यो जोखिम व्यवस्थापनको मुख्य औजार हो। यदि तपाईंले ५०० मा किनेको शेयर ४५० मा झर्दा बेच्ने गरी स्टप लस राख्नुभयो भने तपाईंको घाटा १०% भन्दा बढी हुँदैन। यो तपाईंको वित्तीय 'इजेक्ट बटन' हो – शेयर खस्दै गएको हेर्नु घर फर्कने अन्तिम बस छुटाउनुभन्दा दुखद हुन्छ!","category":"Trading","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Day Order","definition":"A buy or sell instruction that expires automatically if it is not executed by the end of the trading day.","termNp":"डे अर्डर (Day Order)","definitionNp":"कारोबार समय सकिएपछि आफैं रद्द हुने शेयर किनबेचको आदेश।","details":"On NEPSE TMS, most orders are Day Orders by default. If your price is not matched within the day (11 AM - 3 PM), the order disappears from the system. It's like ordering momos for lunch – if not eaten by 3 PM, they're gone (or cold)!","detailsNp":"नेप्से टीएमएसमा धेरैजसो अर्डरहरू 'डे अर्डर' हुन्छन्। यदि दिनभरिमा तपाईंले चाहेको मूल्यमा कारोबार भएन भने त्यो आदेश सिस्टमबाट आफैं हट्छ। यो दिउँसोको मोमो अर्डर गर्नु जस्तो हो – ३ बजे सम्म नखाइयो भने गयो (वा चिसो)!","category":"Trading","level":"Medium"},{"term":"GTC (Good Till Cancelled)","definition":"A buy or sell order that remains active in the system until the trade is completed or you manually cancel it.","termNp":"जीटिसी अर्डर (GTC)","definitionNp":"कारोबार नभएसम्म वा तपाईं आफैंले रद्द नगरेसम्म सिस्टममा सक्रिय रहने आदेश।","details":"GTC orders are helpful if you want to buy/sell at a specific price and are willing to wait for several days for the price to hit that level. It's the 'set it and forget it' of trading – perfect until you forget you set it and wake up to a surprise execution!","detailsNp":"यदि तपाईं कुनै निश्चित मूल्यमा शेयर लिन वा बेच्न चाहनुहुन्छ र केही दिन कुर्न तयार हुनुहुन्छ भने GTC अर्डर उपयोगी हुन्छ। यो ट्रेडिङको 'राख र बिर्स' हो – राखियो भने राम्रो, बिर्सिएर बिहान उठ्दा अचम्मको कारोबार भएछ भने अचम्म!","category":"Trading","level":"Medium"},{"term":"IPO","definition":"When a company asks the public for money for the first time. It's like a 'Grand Opening' sales.","termNp":"आईपीओ (IPO)","definitionNp":"कुनै कम्पनीले पहिलो पटक सर्वसाधारणसँग पैसा माग्ने प्रक्रिया। यो सस्तोमा कम्पनीको मालिक बन्ने मौका हो।","details":"IPO (Initial Public Offering) is usually issued at a face value of Rs. 100. It is the safest investment for beginners. If the company grows, the price can multiply many times. It's like getting invited to a grand opening sale – everyone rushes in, and you pray the lucky draw favors you over your neighbor!","detailsNp":"आईपीओ (IPO) प्रायः १०० रुपैयाँ प्रति कित्तामा जारी गरिन्छ। यो लगानी गर्नको लागि सबैभन्दा सुरक्षित मानिन्छ। यदि कम्पनीले राम्रो गर्यो भने, पछि यसको मूल्य धेरै गुणा बढ्न सक्छ। यो ग्रान्ड ओपनिङ सेलमा निम्तो पाउनु जस्तो हो – सबै भुर्लुङ्ग पर्छन् र चिठ्ठा आफ्नो छिमेकीको सट्टा आफ्नोमा पर्छ कि भनेर प्रार्थना गर्छन्!","category":"Trading","level":"Beginner","link":"https://meroshare.cdsc.com.np","linkText":"Apply IPO"},{"term":"TMS","definition":"The online tool you use to buy and sell shares yourself from home using your phone/laptop.","termNp":"टीएमएस (TMS)","definitionNp":"शेयर किनबेच गर्ने अनलाइन रिमोट। ब्रोकरले दिएको यो लगइनबाट घरमै बसेर शेयर कारोबार गर्न सकिन्छ।","details":"TMS (Trade Management System) connects you directly to NEPSE. You can place orders, see live prices, and pay via ConnectIPS. You need a broker account to get a TMS login. It's your home trading cockpit – one wrong click and you're suddenly long on a falling knife!","detailsNp":"TMS ले तपाईंलाई सिधै नेप्से कारोबारसँग जोड्छ। तपाईं अर्डर राख्न, लाइभ मूल्य हेर्न र ConnectIPS मार्फत भुक्तानी गर्न मुस्किल पर्दैन। यसको लागि ब्रोकर खाता चाहिन्छ। यो घरको ट्रेडिङ कोकपिट हो – एउटा गलत क्लिक र तपाईं घट्दै गरेको चक्कुमा लामो बन्नुहुन्छ!","category":"Trading","level":"Beginner"},{"term":"Bull Market","definition":"When the market is happy and prices are going UP 📈 (like a Bull throwing things up).","termNp":"बुल बजार (Bull Market)","definitionNp":"बजार बढेको अवस्था 📈। जसरी साँढे (Bull) ले सिङले माथि फाल्छ, त्यसरी नै भाउ माथि गइरहेको समय।","details":"A Bull Market is a time of optimism. Everyone wants to buy, and prices keep making new highs. It's considered a good time to sell if you bought earlier. It's like the whole market is on a caffeine high – prices zooming up while you wonder if it's time to sell or join the party!","detailsNp":"बुल बजार उत्साहको समय हो। सबैजना किन्न चाहन्छन् र मूल्यले नयाँ उचाइ लिन्छ। यदि तपाईंले पहिले किन्नुभएको थियो भने बेच्नको लागि यो राम्रो समय हो। यो बजार क्याफिनको हाई मा छ जस्तो हो – मूल्य उड्दैछ, तपाईं बेच्ने कि पार्टीमा सामेल हुने सोच्दै हुनुहुन्छ!","category":"Trading","level":"Beginner"},{"term":"Bear Market","definition":"When the market is sad and prices are going DOWN 📉 (like a Bear swiping things down).","termNp":"बियर बजार (Bear Market)","definitionNp":"बजार घटेको अवस्था 📉। जसरी भालु (Bear) ले पञ्जाले तल झार्छ, त्यसरी नै भाउ तल झरिरहेको समय।","details":"A Bear Market is a time of fear. Prices are falling. However, intelligent investors see this as a 'Sale' to buy good companies at cheap prices. It's like the market is having a collective bad day – everything on discount, perfect for bargain hunters with strong stomachs!","detailsNp":"बियर बजार डरको समय हो। भाउ घटिरहेको हुन्छ। तर, चलाख लगानीकर्ताहरूले यसलाई 'सेल' को रूपमा लिन्छन् र राम्रा कम्पनीहरू सस्तोमा किन्छन्। यो बजार सामूहिक 'नराम्रो दिन' मनाइरहेको जस्तो हो – सबै डिस्काउन्टमा, बलियो पेट भएका बार्गेन हन्टरका लागि उपयुक्त!","category":"Trading","level":"Beginner"},{"term":"Collateral","definition":"Deposit money. You must give some money to the broker BEFORE they let you buy shares.","termNp":"कोल्याटरल (Collateral)","definitionNp":"धरौटी रकम। शेयर किन्नु अगाडि ब्रोकरलाई विश्वास दिलाउन जम्मा गर्नुपर्ने पैसा।","details":"Brokers usually ask for 25% collateral. To buy Rs. 1 Lakh shares, you first load Rs. 25,000 into TMS. This ensures you will pay the rest later. It's your 'trust deposit' – like leaving a shoe as collateral at a local teashop!","detailsNp":"ब्रोकरहरूले प्रायः २५% कोल्याटरल माग्छन्। १ लाखको शेयर किन्न, तपाईंले पहिले २५,००० रुपैयाँ TMS मा लोड गर्नुपर्छ। यसले तपाईंले बाँकी रकम तिर्नुहुन्छ भन्ने ग्यारेन्टी गर्छ। यो तपाईंको 'विश्वास धरौटी' हो – स्थानीय चियाको दोकानमा जुत्ता धरौटी राख्नु जस्तो!","category":"Trading","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Book Closure","definition":"The 'Deadline Day'. You must own shares BEFORE this date to get the declared dividend.","termNp":"बुक क्लोज (Book Closure)","definitionNp":"'अन्तिम म्याद'। लाभांश (Dividend) पाउनको लागि यो मिति भन्दा अगाडि नै शेयर किनिसकेको हुनुपर्छ।","details":"If you buy shares ON or AFTER the Book Closure date, you will NOT get the dividend for that year. Always check this date before buying for dividends. It's the 'last call' for free money – miss it and you're left watching others feast on dividends!","detailsNp":"यदि तपाईंले बुक क्लोजको दिन वा त्यसपछि शेयर किन्नुभयो भने, तपाईंले त्यो वर्षको लाभांश पाउनुहुन्न। लाभांशको लागि किन्नु अघि सधैं यो मिति जाँच गर्नुहोस्। यो फ्री पैसाको लागि 'अन्तिम कल' हो – छुटायो भने अरूले लाभांशको भोज खाँदै गरेको हेर्नुपर्छ!","category":"Trading","level":"Medium"},{"term":"LTP","definition":"Last Traded Price. The price at which the most recent 1 unit of share was sold. This is the 'Current Price'.","termNp":"अन्तिम कारोबार मूल्य (LTP)","definitionNp":"भर्खरै बजारमा कारोबार भएको अन्तिम मूल्य। हामीले 'आजको भाउ' भन्दा यही बुझिन्छ।","details":"LTP changes every second during trading hours. When you look at your portfolio value, it is calculated based on LTP. It's the market's heartbeat – erratic, exciting, and sometimes giving you mini heart attacks!","detailsNp":"कारोबारको समयमा LTP हरेक सेकेन्ड परिवर्तन भइरहन्छ। तपाईंको पोर्टफोलियोको मूल्य पनि यसैको आधारमा देखाइन्छ। यो बजारको मुटुको धड्कन हो – अनियमित, रोमाञ्चक र कहिलेकाहीँ मिनी हार्ट अट्याक दिने!","category":"Trading","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Odd Lot","definition":"Less than 10 shares. You cannot trade these in the regular market, you must use a special 'Odd Lot' market.","termNp":"अड लट (Odd Lot)","definitionNp":"१० कित्ता भन्दा कम शेयर। यसलाई साधारण बजारमा बेच्न मिल्दैन, विशेष 'अड लट' बजार प्रयोग गर्नुपर्छ।","details":"If you get bonus shares and your total becomes 44 kitta, you can sell 40 easily. The remaining 4 must be sold in 'Odd Lot' usually on Fridays or specific times. It's the 'leftover kitta' corner – awkward, infrequent, and always feels like the market's naughty stepchild!","detailsNp":"यदि बोनस आएर तपाईंसँग ४४ कित्ता भयो भने, ४० कित्ता सजिलै बेच्न सकिन्छ। बाँकी ४ कित्ता 'अड लट' मा बेच्नुपर्छ। यो 'बाँकी कित्ता' को कुनो हो – अजीब, कम बारम्बार र बजारको 'बदमास बच्चा' जस्तो लाग्छ!","category":"Trading","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Limit Order","definition":"An instruction to buy or sell a share only at a specific price that you set.","termNp":"लिमिट अर्डर (Limit Order)","definitionNp":"तपाईंले तोकेको निश्चित मूल्यमा मात्र शेयर किन्ने वा बेच्ने आदेश।","details":"If you want to buy NTC at Rs. 800 but the current price is Rs. 805, you place a Limit Order at 800. The trade only happens if the price drops to 800. It's your 'I refuse to overpay' stubbornness in action – patient but potentially missing the bus!","detailsNp":"यदि तपाईं ८०० मा शेयर किन्न चाहनुहुन्छ तर अहिलेको भाउ ८०५ छ भने, तपाईंले ८०० को लिमिट अर्डर राख्नुहुन्छ। भाउ ८०० मा झर्यो भने मात्र शेयर किनबेच हुन्छ। यो तपाईंको 'अधिक तिरिन मान्दिन' जिद्दी हो – धैर्यवान तर बस छुटाउने जोखिम!","category":"Trading","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Market Order","definition":"An instruction to buy or sell immediately at whatever the best price is available right now.","termNp":"मार्केट अर्डर (Market Order)","definitionNp":"अहिले बजारमा जुन भाउ चलिरहेको छ, त्यसमै तुरुन्तै किन्ने वा बेच्ने आदेश।","details":"Market orders are used when you want to buy or sell very quickly and don't want to wait for a specific price. It guarantees the trade but not the exact price. It's the 'grab it before it's gone' panic buy – exciting until you realize you paid full price during a flash sale!","detailsNp":"जब तपाईंलाई तुरुन्तै शेयर चाहिएको हुन्छ वा बेच्नुपर्ने हुन्छ, Market Order प्रयोग गरिन्छ। यसले कारोबार हुने ग्यारेन्टी गर्छ तर मूल्य तलमाथि हुन सक्छ। यो 'गयो भने गयो' घबराहट खरिद हो – फ्ल्याश सेलमा पूरा मूल्य तिरेको थाहा पाउँदा रोमाञ्चक!","category":"Trading","level":"Beginner"},{"term":"Volatility","definition":"How quickly and how much the price of a share jumps up or down.","termNp":"उत्तरचढाव (Volatility)","definitionNp":"बजार मूल्य कति छिटो र कति धेरै घटबढ हुन्छ भन्ने मापन।","details":"High volatility means large price swings (risky but potential for quick profit). Low volatility means the price is stable and doesn't change much. High volatility is like Nepali weather – sunny one minute, pouring the next, and your portfolio is the umbrella you forgot at home!","detailsNp":"धेरै भोलाटिलिटी (High Volatility) हुनु भनेको मूल्य धेरै घटबढ हुनु हो (जोखिमपूर्ण तर छिटो नाफा हुन सक्ने)। कम भोलाटिलिटी हुनु भनेको मूल्य स्थिर हुनु हो। उच्च भोलाटिलिटी नेपाली मौसम जस्तो हो – एकछिन घाम, एकछिन पानी, र तपाईंको पोर्टफोलियो घरमा छोडिएको छातो!","category":"Trading","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Trading Account","definition":"A special account opened with a stock broker to buy and sell shares on NEPSE.","termNp":"ट्रेडिङ खाता (Trading Account)","definitionNp":"शेयर किनबेच गर्नका लागि ब्रोकरकहाँ खोलिएको विशेष खाता।","details":"Unlike a Demat account (where shares are stored), a Trading account is where the actual buying and selling action happens via TMS. It's the 'action arena' – Demat is the trophy cabinet, this is where the fights (and commissions) happen!","detailsNp":"डिम्याट खातामा शेयर जम्मा गरिन्छ भने ट्रेडिङ खाताबाट ब्रोकरको मद्दतले शेयर किनबेच गरिन्छ। यसको लागि TMS लगइन चाहिन्छ। यो 'कार्यक्षेत्र' हो – डिम्याट ट्रफी क्याबिनेट हो भने यहाँ लडाइँ (र कमिसन) हुन्छ!","category":"Trading","level":"Beginner"},{"term":"T+2 Settlement","definition":"The rule that it takes 2 working days for shares or money to be officially transferred after a trade.","termNp":"टी प्लस टु (T+2 Settlement)","definitionNp":"शेयर कारोबार भएको २ कार्यदिनभित्र पैसा वा शेयरको लेनदेन पूर्ण हुनुपर्ने नियम।","details":"If you buy shares on Sunday (T), they will arrive in your Demat account by Tuesday (T+2). Similarly, if you sell, you get your money after 2 days. It's Nepal's version of 'instant' – like waiting two days for your momos to arrive after ordering!","detailsNp":"यदि तपाईंले आइतबार शेयर किन्नुभयो भने, मंगलबार सम्ममा तपाईंको डिम्याटमा शेयर आउँछ। यसैगरी बेच्दा पनि २ दिनपछि मात्र पैसा सेटलमेन्ट हुन्छ। यो नेपालको 'तत्काल' संस्करण हो – मोमो अर्डर गरेपछि दुई दिन कुर्नु जस्तो!","category":"Trading","level":"Beginner"},{"term":"Buyback","definition":"When a company uses its own cash to buy back its shares from the public and cancel them.","termNp":"शेयर खरिद फिर्ता (Buyback)","definitionNp":"कम्पनीले आफ्नै पैसा खर्च गरेर बजारबाट आफ्ना शेयरहरू आफैं किन्ने प्रक्रिया।","details":"Companies do this when they have extra cash and think their share price is too low. It reduces the total number of shares and increases the value for remaining owners. It's like the company saying 'we'll buy our own toys back because they're on sale' – and everyone else cheers!","detailsNp":"कम्पनीसँग धेरै पैसा हुँदा र बजारमा आफ्नो शेयर सस्तो छ भन्ने लाग्दा खरिद फिर्ता गर्छन्। यसले बजारमा शेयर संख्या घटाउँछ र बाँकी शेयरधनीलाई फाइदा पुग्छ। यो कम्पनीले 'हाम्रा आफ्नै खेलौना सस्तोमा किन्न्छौं' भन्नु जस्तो हो – र बाँकी सबैले ताली बजाउँछन्!","category":"Trading","level":"Medium"},{"term":"SEBON","definition":"Securities Board of Nepal. The 'Police' 👮‍♂️ of the share market who makes rules and protects investors.","termNp":"सेबोन (SEBON)","definitionNp":"नेपाल धितोपत्र बोर्ड। शेयर बजारको 'प्रहरी' 👮‍♂️ जसले नियम बनाउँछ र लगानीकर्ताको रक्षा गर्छ।","details":"SEBON regulates the entire securities market in Nepal. They give licenses to brokers, approve IPOs, and take action against companies or people who break the rules. They're the market's strict school principal – rules are rules, and breaking them gets you sent to the 'penalty corner'!","detailsNp":"सेबोनले नेपालको पूरै धितोपत्र बजारलाई नियन्त्रण र नियमन गर्छ। यसले ब्रोकरलाई अनुमति दिने, आईपीओ स्वीकृत गर्ने र नियम मिच्नेलाई कारबाही गर्ने काम गर्छ। उनीहरू बजारका कडा स्कूल प्रिन्सिपल हुन् – नियम नियम नै हो, मिचे 'जरिवाना कुनो' मा पठाइन्छ!","category":"Regulatory","level":"Medium","link":"https://sebon.gov.np","linkText":"Visit SEBON Website"},{"term":"CDSC","definition":"Central Depository System and Clearing. The 'Digital Vault' 🔒 that keeps track of everyone's shares.","termNp":"सिडिएससी (CDSC)","definitionNp":"सबैको शेयरको हिसाब राख्ने 'डिजिटल ढुकुटी' 🔒। यसले नै मेरो शेयर (MeroShare) सेवा दिन्छ।","details":"CDSC is responsible for the 'dematerialization' of shares. They make sure when you buy a share, it is digitally moved from the seller's Demat to your Demat safely. It's the invisible librarian of shares – quietly moving books (shares) between shelves without you noticing!","detailsNp":"सबै शेयरलाई डिजिटल बनाउने र किनबेच भएपछि एकको खाताबाट अर्कोकोमा सार्ने काम यसैले गर्छ। यो सीडीएस एण्ड क्लियरिङ लिमिटेडको संक्षिप्त रूप हो। यो शेयरहरूको अदृश्य पुस्तकालयवाला हो – तपाईंले नदेखिकन किताब (शेयर) एक ताकबाट अर्कोमा सार्छ!","category":"Regulatory","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Capital Gain Tax (CGT)","definition":"The 'Profit Tax' 💸 you pay to the government only when you sell your shares for a profit.","termNp":"पूँजीगत लाभ कर (CGT)","definitionNp":"शेयर बेचेर नाफा कमाउँदा सरकारलाई तिर्नुपर्ने कर 💸। यो नाफामा मात्र लाग्छ।","details":"In Nepal, individual investors pay 5% CGT if they hold shares for more than 1 year (Long Term) and 7.5% if they sell within 1 year (Short Term). It's automatically cut by the broker. It's the government's 'thank you for profiting' fee – pay up and keep the rest!","detailsNp":"नेपालमा एक वर्षभन्दा बढी शेयर राखेमा ५% र एक वर्षभन्दा कम समयमा बेचेमा ७.५% लाभ कर लाग्छ। यो कर ब्रोकरले आफैं काटेर सरकारलाई पठाउँछ। यो सरकारको 'नाफा कमाएको लागि धन्यवाद' शुल्क हो – तिर र बाँकी राख!","category":"Regulatory","level":"Medium"},{"term":"WACC","definition":"Weighted Average Cost of Capital. In simple words, it is the 'Average Buy Price' of your shares used for tax calculation.","termNp":"डब्लु.ए.सि.सि (WACC)","definitionNp":"तपाईंको शेयरको 'औसत खरिद मूल्य'। कर हिसाब गर्न यो चाहिन्छ।","details":"You must calculate and 'confirm' your WACC in MeroShare after buying or receiving bonus shares. This tells the system how much profit you made so the correct tax can be cut. It's your 'average cost homework' – do it wrong and the taxman gives you extra 'surprise' questions!","detailsNp":"शेयर किनेपछि वा बोनस आएपछि मेरो शेयरमा गएर WACC गणना गर्नुपर्छ। यसले तपाईंको लगानीको औसत मूल्य कति हो भन्ने देखाउँछ र कर काट्न सजिलो बनाउँछ। यो तपाईंको 'औसत लागत गृहकार्य' हो – गलत गरे कर अधिकारीले 'अचम्मको' प्रश्न सोध्छन्!","category":"Regulatory","level":"Beginner","link":"https://meroshare.cdsc.com.np","linkText":"Calculate WACC"},{"term":"Circuit Breaker","definition":"The 'Emergency Brake' 🛑 for the whole market or a single share if prices jump up or down too fast.","termNp":"सर्किट ब्रेकर (Circuit Breaker)","definitionNp":"बजार धेरै बढ्न वा घट्न थाल्यो भने लगाइने 'इमर्जेन्सी ब्रेक' 🛑। यसले कारोबार केही समय रोक्छ।","details":"NEPSE has rules: if the market index moves 4%, 5%, or 6%, trading is paused for some time. For a single company, the price cannot move more than 10% in one day. It's the market's 'timeout chair' – sit quietly until you calm down after too much excitement!","detailsNp":"नेप्सेको नियम अनुसार बजार ४%, ५% वा ६% ले घटबढ भएमा कारोबार केही समय रोकिन्छ। एउटा कम्पनीको भाउ पनि एक दिनमा १०% भन्दा बढी घट्न वा बढ्न सक्दैन। यो बजारको 'टाइमआउट कुर्सी' हो – धेरै उत्साहपछि शान्त भएर बस्नुहोस्!","category":"Regulatory","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"KYC","definition":"Know Your Customer. A form with your personal details that you must fill for banks and brokers.","termNp":"के.वाई.सी (KYC)","definitionNp":"ग्राहकको पहिचान। आफ्नो व्यक्तिगत विवरण भरेर बैंक वा ब्रोकरलाई बुझाउने फारम।","details":"KYC is mandatory to prevent money laundering and fraud. You must update your KYC details if your address, phone number, or citizenship information changes. It's the 'who are you again?' paperwork – do it once, update when life changes, or the system forgets you exist!","detailsNp":"गलत ढंगले पैसाको कारोबार नहोस् भनेर केवाईसी अनिवार्य गरिएको हो। आफ्नो विवरण फेरबदल भएमा केवाईसी पनि अपडेट गर्नुपर्छ। यो 'फेरि को हो?' कागजात हो – एक पटक गर, जीवन फेरियो भने अपडेट गर, नत्र सिस्टमले तपाईंलाई बिर्सन्छ!","category":"Regulatory","level":"Beginner","link":"https://nepalstock.com.np/kyc","linkText":"Update KYC Online"},{"term":"Insider Trading","definition":"Illegal trading 🚫 using secret, non-public information about a company to make profit.","termNp":"भित्री कारोबार (Insider Trading)","definitionNp":"कम्पनीको गोप्य सूचना बाहिर ल्याएर वा त्यसको प्रयोग गरेर गरिने अवैध कारोबार।","details":"If a CEO knows their company will announce a 50% dividend and tells their friends to buy shares BEFORE the public news, it is Insider Trading. It is a crime and leads to heavy fines or jail. It's cheating at musical chairs with money – get caught and the music stops permanently!","detailsNp":"कम्पनीका मुख्य मान्छेले गोप्य सूचनाका आधारमा शेयर किनबेच गर्नु गैरकानूनी हो। यस्तो गरेको पाइएमा ठूलो जरिवाना वा जेल सजाय हुन सक्छ। यो पैसासँगको संगीत कुर्सी खेलमा ठग्नु जस्तो हो – समातिए संगीत सधैंका लागि रोकिन्छ!","category":"Regulatory","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"NRB","definition":"Nepal Rastra Bank. The 'Central Bank' that controls all other banks and makes rules for them.","termNp":"नेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक (NRB)","definitionNp":"नेपालको केन्द्रीय बैंक, जसले सबै बैंकहरूलाई नियन्त्रण र नियमन गर्छ।","details":"NRB makes policies that affect the stock market. For example, if NRB increases interest rates, the stock market usually goes down. They also regulate the dividends banks can give. It's the 'big boss' of money – one policy tweak and the whole stock party mood changes!","detailsNp":"राष्ट्र बैंकका नीतिहरूले शेयर बजारमा ठूलो असर पार्छन्। ब्याजदर घटाउने वा बढाउने निर्णयले बजारको दिशा तय गर्न सक्छ। यो पैसाको 'ठूलो बoss' हो – एक नीति परिवर्तन र पूरै शेयर पार्टीको मूड बदलिन्छ!","category":"Regulatory","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Lock-in Period","definition":"A 'No-Sale' 🔒 time during which certain shareholders (like company staff or promoters) cannot sell their shares.","termNp":"लक-इन पिरियड (Lock-in)","definitionNp":"निश्चित समयसम्म शेयर बेच्न नपाइने अवधि 🔒। प्रायः संस्थापक वा कर्मचारीको शेयरमा यस्तो हुन्छ।","details":"When an IPO is issued, staff shares are often locked for 3 years. This ensures that the people running the company stay committed and don't dump their shares immediately. It's a 'loyalty handcuff' – you built it, now you can't sell it for a while!","detailsNp":"कम्पनीका कर्मचारी वा संस्थापकले आईपीओ आएको केही वर्षसम्म शेयर बेच्न पाउँदैनन्। यसले कम्पनीप्रति उनीहरूको जिम्मेवारी कायम राख्न मद्दत गर्छ। यो 'वफादारी हतकडी' हो – तपाईंले बनाउनुभयो, अब केही समय बेच्न पाउनुहुन्न!","category":"Regulatory","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Broker Commission","definition":"The fee 💸 you pay to your broker for every transaction (buying or selling) you make through them.","termNp":"ब्रोकर कमिसन (Commission)","definitionNp":"शेयर किनबेच गरिदिए बापत ब्रोकरलाई बुझाउनुपर्ने शुल्क।","details":"The commission rate in Nepal is usually between 0.27% to 0.40% depending on the total amount of your trade. The more you trade, the lower the percentage might be. It's the broker's 'service charge' – small per trade, but stacks up like festival expenses!","detailsNp":"नेपालमा कारोबार रकमको आधारमा ०.२७% देखि ०.४०% सम्म कमिसन लाग्छ। धेरै रकमको कारोबार गर्दा प्रतिशत थोरै कम हुन सक्छ। यो ब्रोकरको 'सेवा शुल्क' हो – प्रति कारोबार सानो, तर चाडपर्व खर्च जस्तो जोडिन्छ!","category":"Regulatory","level":"Medium"},{"term":"SEBON Fee","definition":"A small charge (0.015%) added to every trade that goes to the market regulator (SEBON).","termNp":"सेबोन शुल्क (SEBON Fee)","definitionNp":"हरेक शेयर कारोबारमा धितोपत्र बोर्ड (SEBON) लाई बुझाउनुपर्ने सानो शुल्क।","details":"Along with broker commission, a tiny amount is taken to fund SEBON activities. It is automatically calculated by the system when you buy or sell. It's the 'market maintenance fee' – tiny, but keeps the playground (market) clean and regulated!","detailsNp":"ब्रोकर कमिसन जस्तै हरेक कारोबारमा ०.०१५% शुल्क सेबोनको लागि काटिन्छ। यो पनि टीएमएसले आफैं हिसाब गर्छ। यो 'बजार रखरखाव शुल्क' हो – सानो, तर खेल मैदान (बजार) सफा र नियन्त्रित राख्छ!","category":"Regulatory","level":"Medium"},{"term":"DP Fee","definition":"A flat fee (usually Rs. 25) paid to your Depository Participant whenever you sell shares.","termNp":"डिपी शुल्क (DP Fee)","definitionNp":"शेयर बेच्दा डिपी (ब्रोकर वा बैंक) लाई बुझाउनुपर्ने निश्चित शुल्क (प्रायः २५ रुपैयाँ)।","details":"Every time shares are moved OUT of your Demat account (when you sell), you must pay this fee. It doesn't apply when you buy. It's the 'exit toll' for your shares – pay to leave, free to enter!","detailsNp":"आफ्नो डिम्याटबाट शेयर बाहिर जाँदा (बेच्दा) यो शुल्क लाग्छ। शेयर किन्दा भने यो शुल्क लाग्दैन। यो शेयरहरूको लागि 'बाहिर जाने टोल' हो – छोड्न पैसा तिर, भित्र नि:शुल्क!","category":"Regulatory","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Close-out","definition":"A penalty ⚠️ paid when a seller fails to deliver shares to the buyer on time.","termNp":"क्लोज-आउट (Close-out)","definitionNp":"बेचेको शेयर समयमै उपलब्ध गराउन नसक्दा लाग्ने जरिवाना।","details":"If you sell shares but don't have them in your Demat (Short Selling), you have to pay a 20% penalty. This penalty is given to the buyer to compensate for the mistake. It's the 'oops, I sold air' fine – 20% reminder not to promise what you don't have!","detailsNp":"आफूसँग नभएको शेयर झुक्किएर बेच्नुभयो भने कारोबार रकमको २०% जरिवाना लाग्छ। यो जरिवाना किन्ने मान्छेले क्षतिपूर्तिको रूपमा पाउँछ। यो 'ओहो, मैले हावा बेचेँ' जरिवाना हो – नभएको कुरा नबेच भन्ने २०% सम्झना!","category":"Regulatory","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"Listing","definition":"The process of getting a company's shares approved and ready for trading on the SE (NEPSE).","termNp":"सूचीकरण (Listing)","definitionNp":"कम्पनीको शेयर नेप्सेमा किनबेचको लागि दर्ता हुने प्रक्रिया।","details":"After an IPO, the company must sign an agreement with NEPSE to 'list' its shares. Once listed, the shares get a 'Symbol' (e.g., NTC, NABIL) and start trading. It's like getting your name on the NEPSE guest list – approved, symbolized, and ready to party (trade)!","detailsNp":"आईपीओ सकिएपछि नेप्से र कम्पनीबीच सम्झौता हुन्छ। त्यसपछि कम्पनीले एउटा छोटो नाम (Symbol) पाउँछ र शेयर कारोबार सुरु हुन्छ। यो नेप्सेको गेस्ट लिस्टमा नाम लेखाउनु जस्तो हो – स्वीकृत, सिम्बल दिइएको र पार्टी (कारोबार) को लागि तयार!","category":"Regulatory","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Prospectus","definition":"An 'Information Book' 📖 published by a company before its IPO to explain its performance.","termNp":"विवरण-पत्र (Prospectus)","definitionNp":"आईपीओ जारी गर्नु अघि कम्पनीको बारेमा सबै जानकारी दिइएको किताब वा पुस्तीका।","details":"A prospectus contains the company's financial history, future plans, risk factors, and reason for raising money. Smart investors read it before applying for an IPO. It's the company's 'tell-all' autobiography – read it or regret buying a lemon instead of a gold mine!","detailsNp":"यसमा कम्पनीको विगतको नाफा, भविष्यको योजना र जोखिमहरूको बारेमा लेखिएको हुन्छ। आईपीओ भर्नु अघि यो पढ्नु राम्रो हुन्छ। यो कम्पनीको 'सबै बताउने' आत्मकथा हो – नपढे फलामको खानीको सट्टा कागती किन्ने पछुतो लाग्छ!","category":"Regulatory","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Dematerialization","definition":"The process of converting physical paper share certificates into digital form.","termNp":"अभौतिकीकरण (Dematerialization)","definitionNp":"कागजी शेयर प्रमाणपत्रलाई डिजिटल (अनलाइन) बनाउने प्रक्रिया।","details":"Old shares that are still in paper form cannot be traded. They must be 'Demat'ed first by submitting them to a DP. This process makes sharing and storage safer and faster. It's like digitizing your old photo album – no more dusty papers, just safe cloud storage for your shares!","detailsNp":"पहिलेका कागजी शेयरलाई डिम्याट खातामा जम्मा गराउने काम नै अभौतिकीकरण हो। अहिले सबै नयाँ शेयरहरू सिधै डिजिटल रूपमै आउँछन्। यो पुरानो फोटो एल्बम डिजिटलाइज गर्नु जस्तो हो – धुलो कागजहरू होइनन्, शेयरहरूका लागि सुरक्षित क्लाउड स्टोरेज!","category":"Regulatory","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Credit Rating","definition":"A 'Grade' 🅰️ given by an independent agency showing how safe or risky a company is.","termNp":"क्रेडिट रेटिङ (Rating)","definitionNp":"कम्पनी कत्तिको सुरक्षित वा जोखिमपूर्ण छ भनेर दिइने ग्रेड वा रेटिङ।","details":"In Nepal, ICRA Nepal and CARE Ratings provide these. A high rating (like [ICRANP-IR] AAA) means the company is very safe to invest in, while a low rating means it is risky. It's the company's school report card – AAA is top of the class, D is 'please improve or investors will run'!","detailsNp":"रेटिङले कम्पनीले भविष्यमा आफ्नो ऋण तिर्न सक्छ कि सक्दैन भन्ने क्षमता देखाउँछ। 'AAA' रेटिङलाई सबैभन्दा सुरक्षित मानिन्छ। यो कम्पनीको स्कूल रिपोर्ट कार्ड हो – AAA कक्षाको टॉप हो, D भने 'सुधार गर्नुहोस् नत्र लगानीकर्ता भाग्छन्'!","category":"Regulatory","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Market Cap","definition":"The total value of a company. (Total Shares × Current Market Price).","termNp":"बजार पुँजीकरण (Market Cap)","definitionNp":"कम्पनीको कुल बजार मूल्य। (कुल शेयर संख्या × अहिलेको बजार भाउ)।","details":"Market Cap tells you how 'big' a company is compared to others. Larger companies (Blue Chips) are usually considered safer but might grow slower than tiny companies. It's the 'size tag' on the company – big cap means big and steady, small cap means nimble but wobbly!","detailsNp":"यसले कम्पनी कति ठूलो छ भन्ने देखाउँछ। धेरै बजार पुँजीकरण भएका कम्पनीहरू स्थिर र सुरक्षित मानिन्छन्। यो कम्पनीको 'साइज ट्याग' हो – ठूलो क्याप भनेको ठूलो र स्थिर, सानो क्याप भनेको छिटो तर लड्ने जोखिम!","category":"Analysis","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Blue Chip Stock","definition":"Shares of big, famous, and financially strong companies that have a long history of profit.","termNp":"ब्लु चिप स्टक (Blue Chip)","definitionNp":"धेरै पुरानो, ठूलो, र राम्रो नाफा कमाइरहेका नाम चलेका कम्पनीहरूको शेयर।","details":"These are like the 'Leaders' of the market. Example: NTC or big banks like Nababil. Investors buy them for safety and regular dividends even when the market is bad. They're the 'reliable uncle' stocks – not flashy, but always there with steady pocket money (dividends)!","detailsNp":"यस्ता कम्पनीहरूलाई बजारका 'महारथी' मानिन्छ। जोखिम कम हुने र लामो समयसम्म टिकिरहने भएकाले लगानीकर्ताहरू यस्ता शेयरमा ढुक्क हुन्छन्। यी 'भरोसायोग्य काका' स्टक हुन् – चकाचौंधी होइनन्, तर नियमित पकेट मनी (लाभांश) दिन्छन्!","category":"Analysis","level":"Medium"},{"term":"EPS","definition":"Earnings Per Share. The portion of a company's profit allocated to each share.","termNp":"प्रतिशेयर आम्दानी (EPS)","definitionNp":"कम्पनीले १ कित्ता शेयर बराबर कति नाफा कमायो भन्ने मापन।","details":"EPS shows how profitable a company is. Higher EPS is always better. For example, an EPS of Rs. 40 means the company earned 40 rupees for every single kitta held by you. It's the 'profit per kitta' scorecard – higher score, happier shareholders!","detailsNp":"EPS ले कम्पनीको वित्तीय अवस्था कति राम्रो छ भन्ने देखाउँछ। धेरै प्रतिशेयर आम्दानी भएको कम्पनीलाई लगानीका लागि उपयुक्त मानिन्छ। यो 'प्रति कित्ता नाफा' स्कोरकार्ड हो – स्कोर जति उच्च, शेयरधनी उति खुसी!","category":"Analysis","level":"Medium"},{"term":"P/E Ratio","definition":"Price to Earnings Ratio. It tells you how much you are paying for every Rs. 1 of profit the company makes.","termNp":"पी.ई रेसियो (P/E Ratio)","definitionNp":"कम्पनीको मूल्य र आम्दानी बीचको अनुपात। यसले शेयर सस्तो कि महँगो छ भन्ने बुझाउँछ।","details":"Generally, a lower P/E (below 20) means the share might be cheap, and a very high P/E (above 50) means it might be expensive or overvalued. It's the 'how many rupees per rupee of profit' price tag – low is bargain, sky-high is 'hope and hype'!","detailsNp":"यसले १ रुपैयाँ कमाउन लगानीकर्ताले कति रुपैयाँ तिरिरहेका छन् भन्ने बुझाउँछ। थोरै पी.ई भएको शेयरलाई लगानीको लागि सस्तो मानिन्छ। यो 'प्रति रुपैयाँ नाफाको कति रुपैयाँ' मूल्य ट्याग हो – कम भने सस्तो, आकाश उच्च भने 'आशा र हाइप'!","category":"Analysis","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Dividend Yield","definition":"The 'Return on Investment' represented as percentage. (Dividend ÷ Market Price).","termNp":"लाभांश प्रतिफल (Yield)","definitionNp":"तपाईंले लगानी गरेको रकमको तुलनामा कति प्रतिशत लाभांश पाउनुभयो भन्ने मापन।","details":"If a share costs Rs. 500 and gives Rs. 25 dividend, the yield is 5%. It helps you compare if keeping money in the share is better than a bank deposit. It's the 'annual return party' percentage – higher yield, happier wallet!","detailsNp":"५०० मा किनेको शेयरले २५ रुपैयाँ लाभांश दियो भने ५% प्रतिफल हुन्छ। यसले बैंकको मुद्दती खाता र शेयर लगानीको प्रतिफल तुलना गर्न मद्दत गर्छ। यो 'वार्षिक प्रतिफल पार्टी' प्रतिशत हो – जति उच्च, खल्ती उति खुसी!","category":"Analysis","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Net Worth","definition":"The 'Real Value' of a company if it were to sell all assets and pay off all debts today.","termNp":"खुद मूल्य (Net Worth)","definitionNp":"कम्पनीको सबै सम्पत्तिबाट सबै ऋण घटाउँदा बाँकी रहने मूल्य। यसलाई कम्पनीको वास्तविक हैसियत मानिन्छ।","details":"Net worth per share (Book Value) is a key metric. A company with high net worth and low debt is considered financially very healthy. It's the company's 'what we actually own after paying bills' – high is strong, low is 'we're running on hope'!","detailsNp":"प्रतिशेयर नेटवर्थ धेरै हुनु कम्पनी आर्थिक रूपमा मजबुत हुनु हो। यसले शेयरधनीहरूको लगानी कति सुरक्षित छ भन्ने जनाउँछ। यो कम्पनीको 'बिल तिरेपछि के बाँकी छ' हो – उच्च भने मजबुत, कम भने 'आशामा चलिरहेका'!","category":"Analysis","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Reserve and Surplus","definition":"The 'Savings Account' 💰 of a company where it keeps part of the profit for future use.","termNp":"जगेडा कोष (Reserve)","definitionNp":"कम्पनीले भविष्यको लागि जोगाएर राखेको नाफाको हिस्सा वा 'बचत खाता'।","details":"A huge reserve means the company is strong and can give high bonus shares in the future. It acts like a safety net during bad business years. It's the company's rainy-day fund – big fund means big bonus potential when the skies clear!","detailsNp":"जगेडा कोष बलियो भएको कम्पनीले संकटको समयमा पनि लाभांश दिने क्षमता राख्छ। धेरै जगेडा कोष हुनु बोनस शेयर दिने सम्भावना बढ्नु हो। यो कम्पनीको 'बदर दिन कोष' हो – ठूलो कोष भने आकाश सफा भए ठूलो बोनस सम्भावना!","category":"Analysis","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Quarterly Report","definition":"A financial 'Progress Report' 📝 that companies must publish every 3 months.","termNp":"त्रैमासिक रिपोर्ट (Quarterly Report)","definitionNp":"कम्पनीको नाफा-नोक्सानको विवरण, जुन हरेक ३ महिनामा सार्वजनिक गर्नुपर्छ।","details":"Investors look at these reports (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4) to see if the company's profit is growing or falling throughout the year. Q2 (half-yearly) and Q4 (annual) are the most detailed. It's the company's school progress report – good grades and investors cheer, bad grades and everyone panics!","detailsNp":"हरेक ३ महिनामा आउने यो रिपोर्टले कम्पनीको प्रगति कस्तो छ भनेर देखाउँछ। धेरै लगानीकर्ताले यो रिपोर्ट हेरेर मात्र शेयर किन्ने वा बेच्ने निर्णय गर्छन्। यो कम्पनीको स्कूल प्रगति रिपोर्ट हो – राम्रो ग्रेड र लगानीकर्ता खुसी, नराम्रो ग्रेड र सबै घबराउँछन्!","category":"Analysis","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Fundamental Analysis","definition":"The study of a company's business, management, and financial health to find its 'True Value'.","termNp":"आधारभूत विश्लेषण (Fundamental)","definitionNp":"कम्पनीको व्यापार, व्यवस्थापन र आर्थिक स्थिति हेरेर गरिने गहिरो विश्लेषण।","details":"Fundamental analysts look at balance sheets, profit & loss statements, and economic trends to see if a stock is worth buying for the long term (1-5 years). It's like checking the car's engine before buying – not just the shiny paint job!","detailsNp":"यसमा कम्पनीको वासलात र नाफा-नोक्सान हेरिन्छ। लामो समयको लगानीको लागि आधारभूत विश्लेषण धेरै महत्त्वपूर्ण हुन्छ। यो कार किन्नुअघि इन्जिन जाँच्नु जस्तो हो – चम्किलो पेन्ट मात्र होइन!","category":"Analysis","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Technical Analysis","definition":"The study of past price patterns and volume using charts to predict future price moves.","termNp":"प्राविधिक विश्लेषण (Technical)","definitionNp":"चार्ट र ग्राफहरू हेरेर भविष्यमा शेयरको मूल्य कता जान्छ भनेर गरिने अनुमान।","details":"Technical analysts don't care about the business much; they focus on 'Supply and Demand' shown through candles, lines, and indicators. It's reading the market's tea leaves (or candlesticks) – patterns today predict tomorrow's party or panic!","detailsNp":"यसमा कम्पनीको भन्दा पनि चार्टको 'सप्लाई र डिमाण्ड' (माग र आपूर्ति) हेरिन्छ। क्यान्डलस्टिक र विभिन्न इन्डिकेटरहरू यसका मुख्य औजार हुन्। यो बजारको चिया पत्ती (वा क्यान्डलस्टिक) पढ्नु जस्तो हो – आजको प्याटर्नले भोलिको पार्टी वा घबराहट भविष्यवाणी गर्छ!","category":"Analysis","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"Book Value","definition":"The actual value of each share according to the company's records. Same as Net Worth per share.","termNp":"किताबी मूल्य (Book Value)","definitionNp":"कम्पनीको हिसाबकिताब अनुसार प्रति कित्ता शेयरको वास्तविक मूल्य।","details":"If a share's market price is lower than its Book Value, it might be 'undervalued' and could be a bargain for investors. It's the 'balance sheet price' – market may lie, but books tell the real story!","detailsNp":"यदि बजार मूल्य किताबी मूल्यभन्दा कम छ भने त्यो शेयर सस्तो भएको मानिन सक्छ। यसले कम्पनीको सम्पत्ति कति छ भन्ने बुझाउँछ। यो 'वासलात मूल्य' हो – बजार झुट बोल्न सक्छ, किताबले सत्य भन्छ!","category":"Analysis","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Dividend Payout Ratio","definition":"The percentage of total profit that a company gives away to shareholders as dividends.","termNp":"लाभांश वितरण अनुपात","definitionNp":"कम्पनीले कमाएको कुल नाफा मध्ये कति प्रतिशत शेयरधनीलाई बाँड्यो भन्ने अनुपात।","details":"A high payout ratio (e.g., 80%) means the company gives most profit to owners. A low ratio means it keeps money to reinvest and grow. It's the 'how generous is the company' ratio – high means happy owners today, low means bigger company tomorrow!","detailsNp":"धेरै अनुपात हुनु भनेको कम्पनीले नाफा धेरै बाँड्छ भन्ने हो भने कम हुनु भनेको कम्पनीले भविष्यको वृद्धिका लागि पैसा जोगाउँछ भन्ने हो। यो 'कम्पनी कति उदार छ' अनुपात हो – उच्च भने आज खुसी मालिक, कम भने भोलि ठूलो कम्पनी!","category":"Analysis","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Return on Equity (ROE)","definition":"A measure of how efficiently a company is using the shareholders' money to generate profit.","termNp":"इक्विटीमा प्रतिफल (ROE)","definitionNp":"कम्पनीले शेयरधनीको पैसा प्रयोग गरेर कत्तिको प्रभावकारी रूपमा नाफा कमाइरहेको छ भन्ने मापन।","details":"ROE of 15-20% is considered good in Nepal. It shows that the management is capable of growing the wealth of its owners. It's the 'how well are they using our money' report card – high ROE, proud owners; low ROE, worried owners!","detailsNp":"नेपालमा १५-२०% को ROE लाई राम्रो मानिन्छ। यसले कम्पनीको व्यवस्थापन कति कुशल छ भन्ने देखाउँछ। यो 'हाम्रो पैसा कति राम्रो प्रयोग गर्दैछन्' रिपोर्ट कार्ड हो – उच्च ROE, गर्व मालिक; कम ROE, चिन्तित मालिक!","category":"Analysis","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Growth Stock","definition":"A company that is growing much faster than the average company in the market.","termNp":"ग्रोथ स्टक (Growth Stock)","definitionNp":"बजारका अन्य कम्पनी भन्दा धेरै छिटो गतिमा वृद्धि भइरहेको कम्पनी।","details":"These companies often pay little or no dividends because they reinvest all profit back into the business to grow even bigger. Investors buy them for price appreciation. They're the 'rocket fuel' stocks – no dividends now, but hopefully moonshot prices later!","detailsNp":"यस्ता कम्पनीले नाफा नबाँडेर व्यवसाय बढाउनै प्रयोग गर्छन्। लगानीकर्ताले यस्ता शेयर भविष्यमा भाउ धेरै बढ्ने आशामा किन्छन्। यी 'रकेट फ्युल' स्टक हुन् – अहिले लाभांश होइन, तर आशा अनुसार चन्द्रमा मूल्य पछि!","category":"Analysis","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Relative Strength Index (RSI)","definition":"A momentum indicator that measures if a share is 'Overbought' (too expensive) or 'Oversold' (too cheap).","termNp":"आर.एस.आई (RSI)","definitionNp":"शेयर धेरै किनबेच भएको छ कि छैन भनेर जाँच्ने प्राविधिक सूचक।","details":"RSI values range from 0 to 100. Generally, RSI above 70 means the share is overbought (price might fall), and below 30 means it is oversold (price might rise). It's the market's 'fever thermometer' – over 70 and it's burning hot (sell?), under 30 and it's freezing cold (buy?)!","detailsNp":"RSI को मान ३० भन्दा कम हुनुलाई सस्तो (Oversold) र ७० भन्दा बढी हुनुलाई महँगो (Overbought) मानिन्छ। यो बजारको 'ज्वरो थर्मोमिटर' हो – ७० भन्दा माथि तातो (बेच?), ३० भन्दा तल चिसो (किन्न?)!","category":"Analysis","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"MACD","definition":"Moving Average Convergence Divergence. A trend-following indicator that shows the relationship between two moving averages.","termNp":"एम.ए.सी.डी (MACD)","definitionNp":"शेयरको मूल्य कता जाला भनेर अनुमान गर्ने अर्को एउटा लोकप्रिय सूचक।","details":"MACD helps traders see the strength and direction of a trend. A 'Crossover' in the MACD line is often seen as a signal to buy or sell. It's the market's momentum speedometer – lines crossing means 'speed changing, time to react!'","detailsNp":"यसले बजारको गति और दिशा कता छ भनेर बुझ्न मद्दत गर्छ। यसका धर्साहरू एकआपसमा काटिँदा किनबेचको संकेत मिल्छ। यो बजारको गति स्पीडोमिटर हो – लाइन काटिनु भनेको 'गति बदलिँदैछ, प्रतिक्रिया दिन समय!'","category":"Analysis","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"Golden Cross","definition":"A bullish chart pattern where a short-term moving average crosses above a long-term moving average.","termNp":"गोल्डेन क्रस (Golden Cross)","definitionNp":"बजार बढ्ने संकेत दिने एक विशेष चार्ट प्याटर्न।","details":"It is considered a very strong 'Buy' signal for long-term investors. It shows that recent price momentum is much stronger than the long-term average. It's the chart's 'golden high-five' – short-term line slaps the long-term line upward, signaling 'party time ahead!'","detailsNp":"यसलाई बजारमा आउने ठूलो बढोत्तरीको संकेत मानिन्छ। यसले शेयरको मूल्यमा राम्रो सुधार आउने संकेत गर्छ। यो चार्टको 'गोल्डेन हाई-फाइभ' हो – छोटो अवधिको लाइन ले लामो अवधिको लाइन माथि तालि दिन्छ, 'आगामी पार्टी समय!' संकेत!","category":"Analysis","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"Mutual Fund","definition":"A 'Basket of Investments' 🧺 managed by experts where many small investors pool their money.","termNp":"म्युचुअल फण्ड (Mutual Fund)","definitionNp":"धेरै लगानीकर्ताको पैसा जम्मा गरेर विज्ञहरूले विभिन्न क्षेत्रमा लगानी गर्ने योजना।","details":"In Nepal, mutual funds are popular for beginners. Experts (Fund Managers) take your money and invest it in various stocks and bonds to reduce risks and provide regular returns. It's like hiring a professional chef to cook your investment thali – less stress, more balanced flavor!","detailsNp":"विज्ञहरूले तपाईंको पैसा शेयर बजार र ऋणपत्रमा लगानी गरिदिन्छन्। यसले जोखिम कम गर्न मद्दत गर्छ र लगानीको बारेमा धेरै नजान्नेका लागि यो राम्रो हो। यो तपाईंको लगानी थाली पकाउन प्रोफेसनल सेफ नियुक्त गर्नु जस्तो हो – कम तनाव, बढी सन्तुलित स्वाद!","category":"Instruments","level":"Beginner","link":"https://sebon.gov.np/mutual-funds","linkText":"Learn about Mutual Funds"},{"term":"Debenture","definition":"A 'Fixed Interest Loan' 💰 you give to a company (like a bank) for a long period.","termNp":"ऋणपत्र (Debenture)","definitionNp":"तपार्इंले कम्पनी वा बैंकलाई दिएको ऋण, जसबापत तपाईंले वार्षिक रूपमा निश्चित ब्याज पाउनुहुन्छ।","details":"Debentures are safer than shares. Even if the company makes less profit, they MUST pay you the promised interest (e.g., 10% per year). Your principal money is returned after 5-10 years. It's a 'fixed income promise' – boring but reliable, like a government job compared to startup dreams!","detailsNp":"यसमा लगानी गर्दा जोखिम कम हुन्छ। कम्पनीले नाफा नकमाए पनि तपाईंलाई तोकिएको ब्याज दिनैपर्छ। निश्चित समयपछि तपाईंको साउँ फिर्ता हुन्छ। यो 'निश्चित आय प्रतिज्ञा' हो – नीरस तर विश्वसनीय, स्टार्टअप सपनाको तुलनामा सरकारी जागिर जस्तो!","category":"Instruments","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Open-Ended Fund","definition":"A mutual fund that you can buy or sell directly from the fund manager anytime.","termNp":"खुलामुखी फण्ड (Open-Ended)","definitionNp":"म्युचुअल फण्डको यस्तो योजना जुन जुनसुकै बेला सिधै फण्ड म्यानेजरबाट किन्न वा बेच्न सकिन्छ।","details":"These are not listed on NEPSE. You buy them based on their current NAV. Examples in Nepal include NIBL Sahabhagita Fund. There is no fixed maturity date. It's like an all-you-can-eat buffet – come or go anytime, price based on what's in the trays (NAV)!","detailsNp":"यो नेप्सेमा लिस्टिङ हुँदैन। यसलाई फण्ड म्यानेजरको कार्यालय वा तोकिएको ठाउँबाट सिधै किन्न र बेच्न सकिन्छ। यसको कुनै अन्तिम मिति हुँदैन। यो जति खान सकिन्छ बफे जस्तो हो – जुनसुकै बेला आउनु वा जानु, ट्रेमा (NAV) के छ अनुसार मूल्य!","category":"Instruments","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Closed-Ended Fund","definition":"A mutual fund with a fixed amount of units and a fixed life (usually 7-10 years).","termNp":"बन्दमुखी फण्ड (Closed-Ended)","definitionNp":"निश्चित समय (प्रायः ७ देखि १० वर्ष) र निश्चित संख्यामा इकाइहरू हुने म्युचुअल फण्ड।","details":"These are traded on NEPSE like ordinary shares. Once the time (maturity) is over, the fund is closed, and all investors get their money back based on the final NAV. It's a 'fixed-term deposit in fund form' – trade it like shares, but at the end everyone gets their principal (sort of)!","detailsNp":"यो नेप्सेमा साधारण शेयर जस्तै किनबेच हुन्छ। यसको अवधि सकिएपछि सबै लगानीकर्तालाई उनीहरूको पैसा फिर्ता गरिन्छ। यो 'निश्चित अवधिको डिपोजिट फण्ड रूप' हो – शेयर जस्तै कारोबार गर, तर अन्तमा सबैलाई साउँ (कुनै न कुनै रूपमा) फिर्ता!","category":"Instruments","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Premium","definition":"The extra amount 📈 charged by a company over its face value during an IPO.","termNp":"प्रिमियम (Premium)","definitionNp":"अंकित मूल्य (१००) भन्दा थप रकम जोडेर शेयर जारी गर्नु।","details":"If a good company issues IPO at Rs. 250 (100 face value + 150 extra), the Rs. 150 is the 'Premium'. Only strong companies with good history are allowed to charge premium. It's paying extra for the 'famous brand' IPO – like buying branded rice instead of local!","detailsNp":"कम्पन्ने आफ्नो प्रतिष्ठा र नाफाको आधारमा १०० भन्दा धेरै मूल्यमा आईपीओ ल्याउन सक्छ। यसरी थपिएको रकमलाई नै प्रिमियम भनिन्छ। यो 'प्रसिद्ध ब्रान्ड' आईपीओ को लागि अतिरिक्त तिर्नु हो – स्थानीयको सट्टा ब्रान्डेड चामल किन्नु जस्तो!","category":"Instruments","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Discount","definition":"A situation where the share price is lower 📉 than its original face value.","termNp":"डिस्काउन्ट (Discount)","definitionNp":"शेयरको भाउ अंकित मूल्य (१००) भन्दा पनि तल झर्नु।","details":"If a share is trading at Rs. 80 on NEPSE, it is trading at a 'Discount' because it is below the Rs. 100 face value. This often happens to companies experiencing losses. It's the 'sad face' price – below birth price means the market thinks it's having a bad hair day!","detailsNp":"यदि कुनै शेयर १०० रुपैयाँ भन्दा कममा किनबेच भइरहेको छ भने त्यसलाई डिस्काउन्टमा कारोबार भएको मानिन्छ। यो प्रायः घाटामा रहेका कम्पनीमा हुन्छ। यो 'दुःखी अनुहार' मूल्य हो – जन्म मूल्यभन्दा तल भने बजारलाई लाग्छ यो 'नराम्रो दिन' मनाइरहेको छ!","category":"Instruments","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Bonus Share","definition":"Extra free shares 🎁 given by a company to its current shareholders from its profit.","termNp":"बोनस शेयर (Bonus Share)","definitionNp":"कम्पनीले नाफाबाट शेयरधनीहरूलाई सित्तैमा दिने थप शेयर।","details":"If a company gives a 10% bonus and you have 100 shares, you get 10 more for free. Now you have 110 shares. This is a way for companies to keep cash and give value to owners. It's free cake from the company – eat (hold) more shares without spending extra!","detailsNp":"कम्पनीले नगदको सट्टामा थप शेयर दिन्छ। तपाईंसँग १०० कित्ता छ र १०% बोनस आयो भने अब तपाईंको खातामा ११० कित्ता शेयर हुन्छ। यो कम्पनीले नगद जोगाएर मालिकलाई मूल्य दिने तरिका हो। यो कम्पनीबाट फ्री केक हो – अतिरिक्त खर्च नगरी थप शेयर (केक) खानु!","category":"Instruments","level":"Beginner"},{"term":"Right Share","definition":"An invitation to existing shareholders to buy new shares at Rs. 100 to raise more capital.","termNp":"हकप्रद शेयर (Right Share)","definitionNp":"भइरहेका शेयरधनीलाई कम्पनीले थप पूँजी जुटाउन १०० रुपैयाँमा शेयर किन्ने दिएको अधिकार।","details":"If you have 100 shares and the company announces 50% right, you can buy 50 NEW shares at Rs. 100 each, even if the market price is Rs. 500. It is optional to buy. It's a 'family discount' offer – loyal owners get first dibs at cheap new shares!","detailsNp":"बजारमा जतिसुकै भाउ भए पनि पुराना शेयरधनीले १०० रुपैयाँमै थप शेयर किन्न पाउने सुविधा नै हकप्रद हो। यो किन्नु वा नकिन्नु तपाईंको इच्छा हुन्छ। यो 'परिवार छुट' प्रस्ताव हो – वफादार मालिकलाई सस्तो नयाँ शेयरमा पहिलो हक!","category":"Instruments","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Auction","definition":"A public sale 🔨 of shares that were not picked up by shareholders during a Right Issue.","termNp":"लिलामी शेयर (Auction)","definitionNp":"साधारण वा हकप्रद शेयर नबिकेपछि सबैको लागि खुला गरिने बोलकबोल प्रक्रिया।","details":"When people don't buy their Right Shares, banks sell them in an auction. You have to submit a sealed envelope with your bid price. It's the 'leftover shares garage sale' – bid high enough or someone else snatches your bargain!","detailsNp":"हकप्रदमा नबिकेका शेयरहरू बैंकले लिलामीमा बेच्छ। यसमा तपाईंले 'म यतिमा किन्न तयार छु' भनेर गोप्य दरभाउ पत्र बुझाउनुपर्छ। यो 'बाँकी शेयर ग्यारेज सेल' हो – पर्याप्त उच्च बोल्नुहोस् नत्र अर्कोले तपाईंको बार्गेन छोप्छ!","category":"Instruments","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"ETF (Exchange Traded Fund)","definition":"A 'Basket of Shares' 🧺 that you can buy or sell on the stock exchange just like a single share.","termNp":"ई.टी.एफ (ETF)","definitionNp":"धेरै कम्पनीका शेयरहरूको एउटै संग्रह, जसलाई शेयर जस्तै नेप्सेमा किनबेच गर्न सकिन्छ।","details":"Instead of buying one bank, you buy an ETF that holds 10 banks. It reduces risk because if one bank fails, your others still hold value. It's a 'share soup' – one spoon (unit) gives you a mix of many ingredients (companies) without cooking each separately!","detailsNp":"एउटै कम्पनीको शेयर किन्नु भन्दा धेरै कम्पनी मिसिएको ETF किन्नु सुरक्षित हुन्छ। यसले जोखिमलाई कम गर्छ। यो 'शेयर सूप' हो – एक चम्चा (इकाइ) ले धेरै सामग्री (कम्पनी) को मिश्रण दिन्छ, हरेक अलग पकाउनु पर्दैन!","category":"Instruments","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Preference Share","definition":"Special shares that get a fixed dividend before ordinary shareholders get anything.","termNp":"अग्राधिकार शेयर (Preference Share)","definitionNp":"विशेष शेयर जसले साधारण शेयरधनीले भन्दा पहिले निश्चित लाभांश पाउने अधिकार राख्छ।","details":"Preference shareholders are like 'VIP' owners for dividends, but they usually don't have voting rights in the company's meetings. They're the 'first in line' for payouts – dividends guaranteed before common folks get a taste!","detailsNp":"यस्ता शेयरधनीले लाभांशमा प्राथमिकता पाउँछन् तर उनीहरूलाई कम्पनीको निर्णय प्रक्रियामा भोट हाल्ने अधिकार प्रायः हुँदैन। उनीहरू लाभांशको लागि 'पहिलो लाइन' हुन् – साधारण जनताले स्वाद नपाउँदै ग्यारेन्टी लाभांश!","category":"Instruments","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Corporate Bond","definition":"A loan you give to a private company for a fixed time in exchange for regular interest payments.","termNp":"कर्पोरेट ऋणपत्र (Bond)","definitionNp":"निजी कम्पनीलाई दिएको ऋण, जसको बदलामा तपाईंले नियमित ब्याज पाउनुहुन्छ।","details":"It is safer than common stock. You know exactly how much interest you will get every year (e.g., 10%) and when you will get your principal money back. It's a 'company IOU' with a calendar – interest dates marked, principal return date highlighted!","detailsNp":"यो साधारण शेयर भन्दा सुरक्षित हुन्छ। यसमा तपाईंले कति ब्याज पाउने र कहिले पैसा फिर्ता पाउने भन्ने पहिले नै थाहा हुन्छ। यो 'कम्पनी IOU' हो जसमा क्यालेन्डर छ – ब्याज मिति चिन्हित, साउँ फिर्ता मिति हाइलाइट!","category":"Instruments","level":"Medium"},{"term":"NAV (Net Asset Value)","definition":"The 'Real Price' or 'Unit Price' of a mutual fund based on the value of all the shares it owns.","termNp":"खुद सम्पत्ति मूल्य (NAV)","definitionNp":"म्युचुअल फण्डको एक इकाइको वास्तविक मूल्य।","details":"Mutual funds publish their NAV every week or month. If NAV is Rs. 12 and market price is Rs. 10, the fund is said to be trading at a discount. It's the fund's 'honest weight' price – what the basket inside is actually worth, not what the street vendor is shouting!","detailsNp":"म्युचुअल फण्डले हरेक महिना आफ्नो NAV सार्बजनिक गर्छन्। यसले तपाईंको लगानीको वास्तविक मूल्य कति छ भनेर देखाउँछ। यो फण्डको 'इमानदार तौल' मूल्य हो – भित्रको टोकरी वास्तवमा कति मूल्यको छ, सडक विक्रेताले चिच्याएको होइन!","category":"Instruments","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"SIP (Systematic Investment Plan)","definition":"A way to invest a small fixed amount regularly instead of a big sum.","termNp":"एस.आइ.पी (SIP)","definitionNp":"एकै पटक धेरै पैसा हाल्नु भन्दा नियमित सानो पैसा (जस्तै १०००) लगानी गर्ने तरिका।","details":"SIP is perfect for beginners and students. It helps in 'Rupee Cost Averaging'—buying more when the market is low and less when it is high. It's 'pocket money investing' – small regular amounts build a big portfolio without feeling the pinch!","detailsNp":"SIP सुरु गर्न धेरै पैसा चाहिँदैन, त्यसैले यो विद्यार्थी र जागिरेका लागि राम्रो हुन्छ। यसले लगानीको औसत लागत घटाउन मद्दत गर्छ। यो 'खल्ती पैसा लगानी' हो – सानो नियमित रकमले ठूलो पोर्टफोलियो बनाउँछ, च pinched महसुस नगरी!","category":"Instruments","level":"Beginner"},{"term":"Unit","definition":"The word used for one piece of a Mutual Fund. It is same as 'Kitta' (share) for a company.","termNp":"इकाइ (Unit)","definitionNp":"म्युचुअल फण्डको एक कित्तालाई बुझाउने शब्द।","details":"When you buy a Mutual Fund, you don't say '100 Kitta', you say '100 Units'. However, on NEPSE TMS, they are treated much like ordinary shares. It's just the fancy name for 'one slice' of the fund pie – same trading, different label!","detailsNp":"कम्पनीको शेयरलाई कित्ता भनिए जस्तै म्युचुअल फण्डको हकमा इकाइ भनिन्छ। तर नेप्सेमा यसको कारोबार शेयर जस्तै हुन्छ। यो फण्ड पाईको 'एक टुक्रा' को फैंसी नाम मात्र हो – कारोबार उस्तै, लेबल फरक!","category":"Instruments","level":"Beginner"},{"term":"Treasury Bill","definition":"A short-term debt instrument issued by the government to raise money.","termNp":"ट्रेजरी बिल (Treasury Bill)","definitionNp":"सरकारलाई दिइने अल्पकालीन ऋण।","details":"In Nepal, NRB issues Treasury Bills on behalf of the government for 28, 91, 182, or 364 days. You can buy them through a primary or secondary market to earn fixed interest safely. It's the 'government's short-term IOU' – super safe, like lending to your most reliable (and biggest) borrower!","detailsNp":"राष्ट्र बैंकले सरकारको लागि उठाउने अल्पकालीन ऋण नै ट्रेजरी बिल हो। यो सबैभन्दा सुरक्षित लगानी मानिन्छ। यो सरकारको 'अल्पकालीन IOU' हो – अत्यन्त सुरक्षित, तपाईंको सबैभन्दा विश्वसनीय (र ठूलो) ऋणी लाई ऋण दिनु जस्तो!","category":"Instruments","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"Floorsheet","definition":"A detailed record of all buy and sell orders executed during a trading day, showing the price, quantity, and buyer/seller broker IDs.","termNp":"फ्लोरशीट (Floorsheet)","definitionNp":"एक दिनमा भएका सबै शेयर कारोबारको विस्तृत विवरण, जसमा मूल्य, मात्रा र किन्ने/बेच्ने ब्रोकरको पहिचान हुन्छ।","details":"Floorsheet is published by NEPSE after market close. It helps traders analyze who was buying or selling a particular stock. It shows the 'footprints' of market participants – transparency tool that reveals the real flow of shares!","detailsNp":"नेप्सेले दिनको अंतमा फ्लोरशीट प्रकाशित गर्छ। यसले कुन ब्रोकरले कुन शेयर किन्यो वा बेच्यो भन्ने देखाउँछ। यो बजार सहभागीहरूको 'पैतृका' देखाउने पारदर्शी उपकरण हो – शेयरहरूको वास्तविक प्रवाह खुलासा गर्ने!","category":"Trading","level":"Advanced","link":"https://nepalstock.com/floorsheet","linkText":"View Floorsheet"},{"term":"Turnover","definition":"The total value of shares traded during a specific period (usually a day). It shows how much money moved in the market.","termNp":"टर्नओभर (Turnover)","definitionNp":"एक निश्चित अवधिमा (सामान्यतः दिनभर) कारोबार भएको शेयरको कुल मूल्य।","details":"High turnover indicates an active market with lots of buying and selling. Low turnover means fewer transactions. It's the market's 'cash flow meter' – high flow means market is alive and trading, low flow means sleepy market!","detailsNp":"धेरै टर्नओभर भएको बजार सक्रिय मानिन्छ। यो बजारको 'नगद प्रवाह मिटर' हो – उच्च प्रवाह भनेको बजार जीवित छ र कारोबार भइरहेको छ, कम प्रवाह भनेको निष्क्रिय बजार!","category":"Trading","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Volume","definition":"The total number of shares traded during a specific period. It measures the quantity, not the value.","termNp":"मात्रा (Volume)","definitionNp":"एक निश्चित अवधिमा कारोबार भएको शेयरको कुल संख्या।","details":"Volume shows market interest in a stock. High volume with price movement indicates strong trend. It's the market's 'crowd meter' – crowded trades mean something important is happening, lonely trades mean no one cares!","detailsNp":"मात्राले कुन शेयरमा बढी रुचि छ भन्ने देखाउँछ। मूल्य परिवर्तनसँग उच्च मात्रा भएको भनेको बलियो प्रवृत्ति हो। यो बजारको 'भिड मिटर' हो – धेरै मानिस भएको कारोबार भनेको केही महत्वपूर्ण भइरहेको छ!","category":"Trading","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Sector","definition":"A group of companies in the same industry or business category (e.g., Commercial Banks, Hydropower, Insurance).","termNp":"क्षेत्र (Sector)","definitionNp":"एउटै उद्योग वा व्यवसायमा संलग्न कम्पनीहरूको समूह।","details":"Sectors help investors compare companies in the same industry. Different sectors react differently to economic changes. It's the company's 'neighborhood' – banks live in one street, hydro in another, and they have different local news!","detailsNp":"क्षेत्रले लगानीकर्तालाई एउटै उद्योगका कम्पनीहरू तुलना गर्न मद्दत गर्छ। विभिन्न क्षेत्रहरूले आर्थिक परिवर्तनहरूमा फरक प्रतिक्रिया देखाउँछन्। यो कम्पनीको 'छिमेक' हो – बैंक एउटा गल्लीमा बस्छन्, हाइड्रो अर्कोमा, र उनीहरूसँग फरक स्थानीय समाचार हुन्छ!","category":"Analysis","level":"Beginner"},{"term":"Fiscal Year","definition":"The 12-month accounting period used by companies for financial reporting (July to June in Nepal).","termNp":"आर्थिक वर्ष (Fiscal Year)","definitionNp":"कम्पनीहरूले वित्तीय प्रतिवेदनको लागि प्रयोग गर्ने १२ महिने लेखा अवधि।","details":"In Nepal, the fiscal year runs from mid-July to mid-June (e.g., FY 2082-083). All quarterly and annual reports are prepared based on this period. It's the company's 'school year' – reports are like progress cards, and the year ends with the big annual report exam!","detailsNp":"नेपालमा आर्थिक वर्ष मध्य जुलाई देखि मध्य जुनसम्म हुन्छ (जस्तै आ.व. २०८२-८३)। सबै त्रैमासिक र वार्षिक प्रतिवेदन यसै अवधिमा आधारित हुन्छन्। यो कम्पनीको 'शैक्षिक वर्ष' हो – रिपोर्टहरू प्रगति कार्ड जस्तै हुन्, वर्ष ठूलो वार्षिक परीक्षा रिपोर्टसँग समाप्त हुन्छ!","category":"Analysis","level":"Beginner"},{"term":"Annual Report","definition":"A comprehensive yearly publication by a company containing audited financial statements, management discussion, and corporate governance details.","termNp":"वार्षिक प्रतिवेदन (Annual Report)","definitionNp":"कम्पनीले प्रकाशित गरेको एक वर्षे पूर्ण वित्तीय विवरण, व्यवस्थापन छलफल र कर्पोरेट सुशासन विवरण।","details":"The annual report is the most detailed financial document a company publishes. It includes the balance sheet, profit & loss statement, cash flow, and auditor's report. Smart investors read this to understand the company's true health. It's the company's 'full body checkup' – annual medical report that reveals everything!","detailsNp":"वार्षिक प्रतिवेदन कम्पनीले प्रकाशित गर्ने सबैभन्दा विस्तृत वित्तीय दस्तावेज हो। यसमा वासलात, नाफा-नोक्सान विवरण, नगद प्रवाह र लेखापरीक्षकको प्रतिवेदन समावेश हुन्छ। बुद्धिमान लगानीकर्ताले कम्पनीको वास्तविक स्वास्थ्य बुझ्न यो पढ्छन्। यो कम्पनीको 'पूर्ण शारीरिक जाँच' हो – वार्षिक चिकित्सा प्रतिवेदन जसले सबै कुरा खुलासा गर्छ!","category":"Analysis","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Fund Size","definition":"The total amount of money invested in a mutual fund, usually shown in crores of rupees.","termNp":"कोष आकार (Fund Size)","definitionNp":"म्युचुअल फण्डमा लगानी गरिएको कुल रकम, सामान्यतः करोड़ रुपैयाँमा देखाइन्छ।","details":"Fund size indicates the scale of the fund. Larger funds are more stable but may have difficulty finding good investments. It's the fund's 'war chest' – bigger chest means more resources to invest, but also bigger challenges to find good battles!","detailsNp":"कोष आकारले फण्डको स्केल देखाउँछ। ठूला फण्डहरू बढी स्थिर हुन्छन् तर राम्रो लगानी खोज्न गाह्रो हुन सक्छ। यो फण्डको 'युद्ध कोष' हो – ठूलो कोष भनेको लगानी गर्न बढी स्रोत, तर राम्रो युद्ध खोज्न ठूलो चुनौती पनि!","category":"Instruments","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Maturity Date","definition":"The specific date when a closed-ended mutual fund or bond expires and investors receive their money back.","termNp":"म्याद समाप्ति मिति (Maturity Date)","definitionNp":"बन्दमुखी म्युचुअल फण्ड वा ऋणपत्रको अवधि सकिने मिति।","details":"Closed-ended funds have a fixed maturity date. Before maturity, units trade on NEPSE. On maturity, the fund is liquidated and investors get money based on the final NAV. It's the fund's 'graduation day' – after years of holding, everyone gets their final report card and leaves!","detailsNp":"बन्दमुखी फण्डहरूको निश्चित म्याद समाप्ति मिति हुन्छ। म्यादअघि इकाइहरू नेप्सेमा कारोबार हुन्छन्। म्यादमा फण्ड लिक्विडेट हुन्छ र लगानीकर्ताले अंतिम NAV अनुसार पैसा पाउँछन्। यो फण्डको 'स्नातक दिवस' हो – वर्षौं राखेपछि सबैले अंतिम रिपोर्ट कार्ड पाएर जान्छन्!","category":"Instruments","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Premium/Discount","definition":"When a mutual fund trades above (Premium) or below (Discount) its NAV on the stock exchange.","termNp":"प्रिमियम/डिस्काउन्ट","definitionNp":"जब म्युचुअल फण्ड नेप्सेमा आफ्नो NAV भन्दा माथि (प्रिमियम) वा तल (डिस्काउन्ट) मा कारोबार हुन्छ।","details":"If a fund's NAV is Rs. 10 but it trades at Rs. 11, it's at a 10% premium. If it trades at Rs. 9, it's at a 10% discount. Premium means investors are optimistic; discount means pessimism. It's the market's 'opinion meter' – premium says 'we love it!', discount says 'we're worried!'","detailsNp":"यदि फण्डको NAV १० रुपैयाँ हो तर यो ११ मा कारोबार भयो भने यो १०% प्रिमियममा छ। यदि ९ मा भयो भने १०% डिस्काउन्टमा छ। प्रिमियम भनेको लगानीकर्ता आशावादी छन्; डिस्काउन्ट भनेको निराशा। यो बजारको 'राय मिटर' हो – प्रिमियम भनेको 'हामीले मन परायो!', डिस्काउन्ट भनेको 'हामी चिन्तित छौं!'","category":"Instruments","level":"Medium"},{"term":"High/Low","definition":"The highest and lowest prices at which a share traded during a specific period (day, week, or year).","termNp":"उच्च/निम्न (High/Low)","definitionNp":"एक निश्चित अवधिमा (दिन, हप्ता वा वर्ष) शेयर कारोबार भएको सबैभन्दा बढी र सबैभन्दा कम मूल्य।","details":"High/Low data helps traders identify price ranges and support/resistance levels. A stock trading near its 52-week high shows strength; near its low shows weakness. It's the stock's 'daily performance report' – how far did it travel on the price journey today!","detailsNp":"उच्च/निम्न डेटाले व्यापारीहरूलाई मूल्य सीमा र सहायता/प्रतिरोध स्तर पहिचान गर्न मद्दत गर्छ। ५२-हप्ते उच्च नजिक कारोबार हुने शेयरले बल देखाउँछ; नजिक निम्न भने कमजोरी। यो शेयरको 'दैनिक प्रदर्शन रिपोर्ट' हो – आज मूल्य यात्रामा कति टाढा गयो!","category":"Trading","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Open Price","definition":"The price at which the first trade of the day occurred for a particular share.","termNp":"खुल्ने मूल्य (Open Price)","definitionNp":"दिनको पहिलो कारोबार भएको शेयरको मूल्य।","details":"Open price sets the starting point for the day's trading. It may differ from the previous close based on overnight news or events. It's the market's 'morning greeting' – how the stock says hello to a new trading day!","detailsNp":"खुल्ने मूल्यले दिनको कारोबारको सुरुआत बिंदु सेट गर्छ। यो रातोभरिक समाचार वा घटनाको आधारमा अघिल्लो बन्द भाउबाट फरक हुन सक्छ। यो बजारको 'बिहानी अभिवादन' हो – शेयरले नयाँ कारोबार दिनलाई कसरी हेल्लो भन्छ!","category":"Trading","level":"Beginner"},{"term":"Close Price","definition":"The price at which the last trade of the day occurred for a particular share.","termNp":"बन्द हुने मूल्य (Close Price)","definitionNp":"दिनको अंतिम कारोबार भएको शेयरको मूल्य।","details":"Close price is the most referenced price for analysis and is used to calculate daily gains/losses. It's the market's 'final verdict' – where the stock stood when the trading day ended!","detailsNp":"बन्द हुने मूल्य विश्लेषणको लागि सबैभन्दा बढी उल्लेख गरिने मूल्य हो र दैनिक लाभ/घाटा गणना गर्न प्रयोग गरिन्छ। यो बजारको 'अंतिम निर्णय' हो – कारोबार दिन सकिएपछि शेयर कहाँ टस्थ्यो!","category":"Trading","level":"Beginner"},{"term":"Market Index","definition":"A statistical measure that represents the overall performance of a group of stocks (e.g., NEPSE Index, Banking Index).","termNp":"बजार सूचकांक (Market Index)","definitionNp":"शेयरहरूको समूहको समग्र प्रदर्शनलाई प्रतिनिधित्व गर्ने सांख्यिकीय मापन।","details":"The NEPSE Index shows the combined performance of all listed companies. Sector indices show specific groups like banks or hydropower. It's the market's 'thermometer' – index up means market fever is high, index down means market is cooling!","detailsNp":"नेप्से सूचकांकले सबै सूचीकृत कम्पनीहरूको संयुक्त प्रदर्शन देखाउँछ। क्षेत्रीय सूचकांकहरूले बैंक वा हाइड्रोपावर जस्ता विशिष्ट समूहहरू देखाउँछन्। यो बजारको 'थर्मोमिटर' हो – सूचकांक माथि भनेको बजार ज्वरो उच्च, तल भनेको बजार चिसो!","category":"Analysis","level":"Beginner"},{"term":"Simple Moving Average (SMA)","definition":"The average closing price over the last N sessions, such as 20 or 50.","termNp":"साधारण चल औसत (SMA)","definitionNp":"पछिल्ला N कारोबार दिनको बन्द मूल्यको औसत, जस्तै २० वा ५० दिन।","details":"A price above its SMA suggests an uptrend and below it a downtrend. The 20-day SMA tracks the short term and the 50-day the medium term; a 20-day crossing above the 50-day is a golden cross. Averages lag, so on NEPSE's thin, gappy trading they confirm a move more than they predict one.","detailsNp":"मूल्य SMA भन्दा माथि भए उकालो र तल भए ओरालो प्रवृत्ति देखाउँछ। २० दिनको SMA छोटो र ५० दिनको मध्यम अवधि देखाउँछ; २० दिनको ५० दिनलाई माथि काट्दा गोल्डेन क्रस हुन्छ। औसत ढिलो चल्ने भएकाले यसले चाल पुष्टि गर्छ, भविष्यवाणी होइन।","category":"Analysis","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Bollinger Bands","definition":"A 20-day average with bands two standard deviations above and below it.","termNp":"बोलिङ्गर ब्यान्ड","definitionNp":"२० दिनको औसत र त्यसको माथि–तल दुई स्ट्यान्डर्ड डेभिएसनको ब्यान्ड।","details":"Price near the upper band is stretched upwards and near the lower band stretched downwards. Narrow bands (a squeeze) mean volatility is low and a larger move often follows. A close outside a band is a breakout signal, not a reason by itself to buy or sell.","detailsNp":"मूल्य माथिल्लो ब्यान्ड नजिक भए धेरै बढेको र तल्लो नजिक भए धेरै घटेको मानिन्छ। साँघुरो ब्यान्ड (स्क्विज) भए उतारचढाव कम छ र प्रायः ठूलो चाल आउँछ। ब्यान्ड बाहिर बन्द हुनु ब्रेकआउट संकेत हो, आफैँमा किन्ने/बेच्ने कारण होइन।","category":"Analysis","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"Stochastic Oscillator","definition":"Where today's close sits within the high–low range of the last 14 sessions, from 0 to 100.","termNp":"स्टोकास्टिक अस्सिलेटर","definitionNp":"आजको बन्द मूल्य पछिल्ला १४ दिनको उच्च–न्यून दायरामा कहाँ छ, ० देखि १०० सम्म।","details":"Above 80 is overbought and below 20 oversold. The %K line crossing above its %D average is a buy signal, crossing below a sell signal. In a strong trend it can stay overbought or oversold for weeks.","detailsNp":"८० भन्दा माथि ओभरबट र २० भन्दा तल ओभरसोल्ड मानिन्छ। %K रेखाले %D लाई माथि काट्दा किन्ने र तल काट्दा बेच्ने संकेत हो। बलियो प्रवृत्तिमा यो हप्तौँसम्म ओभरबट वा ओभरसोल्ड रहन सक्छ।","category":"Analysis","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"Williams %R","definition":"Like the stochastic, but scaled from 0 to −100: how close the close is to the recent high.","termNp":"विलियम्स %R","definitionNp":"स्टोकास्टिक जस्तै, तर ० देखि −१०० सम्म: बन्द मूल्य हालको उच्च मूल्यको कति नजिक छ।","details":"Above −20 is overbought and below −80 oversold. It reacts quickly, so it suits short-term timing better than trend calls.","detailsNp":"−२० भन्दा माथि ओभरबट र −८० भन्दा तल ओभरसोल्ड। यो छिटो प्रतिक्रिया दिने भएकाले छोटो अवधिको समयका लागि उपयुक्त छ।","category":"Analysis","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"Commodity Channel Index (CCI)","definition":"How far the typical price has moved from its 20-day average, measured in units of its usual deviation.","termNp":"कमोडिटी च्यानल इन्डेक्स (CCI)","definitionNp":"सामान्य मूल्य आफ्नो २० दिने औसतबाट कति टाढा पुग्यो, सामान्य विचलनको एकाइमा।","details":"Above +100 suggests an unusually strong move up, below −100 an unusually strong move down. Readings far outside ±200 are rare and often reverse.","detailsNp":"+१०० भन्दा माथि असामान्य बलियो उकालो, −१०० भन्दा तल असामान्य ओरालो। ±२०० भन्दा धेरै बाहिर दुर्लभ हुन्छ र प्रायः उल्टिन्छ।","category":"Analysis","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"Money Flow Index (MFI)","definition":"An RSI that weights each session by its traded value, from 0 to 100.","termNp":"मनी फ्लो इन्डेक्स (MFI)","definitionNp":"कारोबार रकमले भार दिइएको RSI, ० देखि १०० सम्म।","details":"Above 80 is overbought and below 20 oversold. Because it uses turnover, a high MFI on rising price says money is coming in, not just the price ticking up on a few trades.","detailsNp":"८० भन्दा माथि ओभरबट र २० भन्दा तल ओभरसोल्ड। कारोबार रकम प्रयोग गर्ने भएकाले उच्च MFI ले केही कारोबारले मात्र होइन, पैसा भित्र आइरहेको देखाउँछ।","category":"Analysis","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"On-Balance Volume (OBV)","definition":"A running total that adds the session's volume on up days and subtracts it on down days.","termNp":"अन-ब्यालेन्स भोल्युम (OBV)","definitionNp":"बढेको दिन कारोबार परिमाण जोड्ने र घटेको दिन घटाउने चलिरहने जोड।","details":"OBV rising while price is flat suggests buying ahead of a move; OBV falling while price rises warns the rise lacks support. nepse.link compares OBV and price over 20 sessions.","detailsNp":"मूल्य स्थिर हुँदा OBV बढ्नुले चालअघि खरिद भइरहेको देखाउँछ; मूल्य बढ्दा OBV घट्नुले बढोत्तरीमा समर्थन कम भएको चेतावनी दिन्छ। nepse.link ले २० दिनमा OBV र मूल्य तुलना गर्छ।","category":"Analysis","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"Volume Weighted Average Price (VWAP)","definition":"The average price paid in a session, weighted by how many shares traded at each price.","termNp":"भोल्युम भारित औसत मूल्य (VWAP)","definitionNp":"एक कारोबार दिनमा तिरिएको औसत मूल्य, प्रत्येक मूल्यमा भएको परिमाणले भार दिएर।","details":"A close above VWAP means the late buyers paid up; below it means sellers pressed. Brokers use it to judge whether a large order was filled well. Broker Flow enters its back-tests at the next session's VWAP.","detailsNp":"VWAP भन्दा माथि बन्द हुनुले पछि किन्नेहरूले बढी तिरेको र तल हुनुले बेच्नेहरूले दबाब दिएको देखाउँछ। ब्रोकर फ्लोले आफ्नो ब्याकटेस्ट अर्को दिनको VWAP मा सुरु गर्छ।","category":"Analysis","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Average True Range (ATR)","definition":"The average daily price range over 14 sessions, including gaps from the previous close.","termNp":"एभरेज ट्रु रेन्ज (ATR)","definitionNp":"अघिल्लो बन्द मूल्यबाटको ग्याप समेत गरेर १४ दिनको औसत दैनिक मूल्य दायरा।","details":"ATR measures volatility, not direction. Traders set stop losses a multiple of ATR away so normal swings don't trigger them. On nepse.link, ATR casts a vote only when the close moves more than one ATR from the previous close (up is BUY, down is SELL); otherwise it says HOLD. NEPSE's daily price limit caps how large ATR can get.","detailsNp":"ATR ले दिशा होइन, उतारचढाव मापन गर्छ। सामान्य चालले स्टप लस नलागोस् भनेर ATR को गुणामा राखिन्छ। nepse.link मा बन्द मूल्य अघिल्लो बन्दबाट एक ATR भन्दा बढी चलेमा मात्र ATR ले मत दिन्छ (माथि BUY, तल SELL); नत्र HOLD। NEPSE को दैनिक मूल्य सीमाले ATR लाई सीमित गर्छ।","category":"Analysis","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"Rate of Change (ROC)","definition":"The percentage change in price over a set number of sessions.","termNp":"रेट अफ चेन्ज (ROC)","definitionNp":"तोकिएका दिनहरूमा मूल्यमा भएको प्रतिशत परिवर्तन।","details":"Positive ROC means momentum is up, negative means down; a ROC crossing zero marks a change in momentum.","detailsNp":"धनात्मक ROC ले उकालो र ऋणात्मकले ओरालो गति देखाउँछ; शून्य काट्दा गति परिवर्तन हुन्छ।","category":"Analysis","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Volume Rate of Change (VROC)","definition":"The percentage change in traded volume compared with a set number of sessions ago.","termNp":"भोल्युम रेट अफ चेन्ज (VROC)","definitionNp":"केही दिन अघिको तुलनामा कारोबार परिमाणको प्रतिशत परिवर्तन।","details":"A price move on rising VROC has more conviction than one on falling volume. On nepse.link, VROC above 25% votes in the direction of the 14-day price change (BUY if price rose, SELL if it fell); below that it says HOLD. Volume alone does not say which way.","detailsNp":"बढ्दो VROC सँगको मूल्य चाल घट्दो परिमाणसँगको भन्दा भरपर्दो मानिन्छ। nepse.link मा VROC २५% भन्दा माथि भए १४ दिनको मूल्य परिवर्तनको दिशामा मत दिन्छ (मूल्य बढे BUY, घटे SELL); त्यो भन्दा कम भए HOLD। परिमाणले मात्र दिशा बताउँदैन।","category":"Analysis","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"Accumulation/Distribution Line (A/D Line)","definition":"A running total of volume weighted by where each close falls within its day's range.","termNp":"एक्युमुलेसन/डिस्ट्रिब्युसन रेखा","definitionNp":"दिनको दायरामा बन्द मूल्य कहाँ छ भन्ने आधारमा भार दिएको परिमाणको चलिरहने जोड।","details":"Closes near the high add to the line (accumulation), closes near the low subtract (distribution). A rising line while price drifts suggests quiet buying.","detailsNp":"उच्च नजिक बन्द हुँदा रेखा बढ्छ (सञ्चय), न्यून नजिक बन्द हुँदा घट्छ (वितरण)। मूल्य स्थिर हुँदा रेखा बढ्नुले चुपचाप खरिद भइरहेको देखाउँछ।","category":"Analysis","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"Chaikin Money Flow (CMF)","definition":"The A/D measure averaged over 20 sessions, between −1 and +1.","termNp":"चाइकिन मनी फ्लो (CMF)","definitionNp":"२० दिनको औसत एक्युमुलेसन/डिस्ट्रिब्युसन, −१ देखि +१ सम्म।","details":"Above zero means more buying pressure, below zero more selling pressure; readings beyond ±0.25 are strong.","detailsNp":"शून्य भन्दा माथि खरिद दबाब र तल बिक्री दबाब; ±०.२५ भन्दा बाहिर बलियो मानिन्छ।","category":"Analysis","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"Chande Momentum Oscillator (CMO)","definition":"Up-day gains minus down-day losses over 14 sessions, divided by their total, from −100 to +100.","termNp":"चान्डे मोमेन्टम अस्सिलेटर (CMO)","definitionNp":"१४ दिनको बढोत्तरी घटाउ घटोत्तरी, कुलले भाग गरेर, −१०० देखि +१०० सम्म।","details":"Above +50 is overbought and below −50 oversold; nepse.link votes SELL above +50 and BUY below −50. Unlike RSI it isn't smoothed, so it turns faster. It is not the Chaikin oscillator.","detailsNp":"+५० भन्दा माथि ओभरबट र −५० भन्दा तल ओभरसोल्ड; nepse.link ले +५० माथि SELL र −५० तल BUY मत दिन्छ। RSI जस्तो चिल्लो नबनाइने भएकाले छिटो मोडिन्छ। यो चाइकिन अस्सिलेटर होइन।","category":"Analysis","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"Aroon Oscillator","definition":"How recently the last 25-session high was set, minus how recently the low was set, from −100 to +100.","termNp":"एरुन अस्सिलेटर","definitionNp":"पछिल्लो २५ दिनको उच्च मूल्य कति हालै बन्यो घटाउ न्यून मूल्य कति हालै बन्यो, −१०० देखि +१०० सम्म।","details":"Strongly positive means new highs are recent (uptrend); strongly negative means new lows are recent (downtrend). Near zero there is no trend.","detailsNp":"धेरै धनात्मक भए हालै नयाँ उच्च (उकालो), धेरै ऋणात्मक भए हालै नयाँ न्यून (ओरालो)। शून्य नजिक प्रवृत्ति छैन।","category":"Analysis","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"Ultimate Oscillator","definition":"Buying pressure averaged over 7, 14 and 28 sessions into one value from 0 to 100.","termNp":"अल्टिमेट अस्सिलेटर","definitionNp":"७, १४ र २८ दिनको खरिद दबाबलाई मिलाएर ० देखि १०० को एउटा मान।","details":"Mixing three windows cuts false signals. Below 30 is oversold and above 70 overbought.","detailsNp":"तीन अवधि मिलाउँदा झुटा संकेत घट्छन्। ३० भन्दा तल ओभरसोल्ड र ७० भन्दा माथि ओभरबट।","category":"Analysis","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"Parabolic SAR","definition":"Dots below or above the price that trail a trend and flip when it reverses.","termNp":"प्याराबोलिक SAR","definitionNp":"मूल्यको तल वा माथि रहने थोप्लाहरू जसले प्रवृत्ति पछ्याउँछन् र उल्टिँदा पल्टिन्छन्।","details":"Dots below price mean an uptrend, above price a downtrend. Traders use the dots as a trailing stop. In sideways markets it flips often and gives false signals.","detailsNp":"मूल्य तल थोप्ला भए उकालो, माथि भए ओरालो। ट्रेडरहरू यसलाई ट्रेलिङ स्टपका रूपमा प्रयोग गर्छन्। एकैतिर नचल्ने बजारमा बारम्बार पल्टिन्छ।","category":"Analysis","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"Ichimoku Cloud","definition":"A set of averages that draws a 'cloud' of support and resistance ahead of the price.","termNp":"इचिमोकु क्लाउड","definitionNp":"मूल्यअगाडि समर्थन र प्रतिरोधको 'बादल' बनाउने औसतहरूको समूह।","details":"Price above the cloud is bullish, below it bearish, inside it undecided. The cloud for today is the one drawn 26 sessions earlier, which is how nepse.link compares price with it. Its thickness shows how strong that support or resistance is.","detailsNp":"मूल्य बादल माथि भए तेजी, तल भए मन्दी, भित्र भए अनिर्णय। आजको बादल २६ दिन अघि बनाइएको हो, र nepse.link ले मूल्यलाई त्यसैसँग तुलना गर्छ। बादलको मोटाइले समर्थन वा प्रतिरोध कति बलियो छ देखाउँछ।","category":"Analysis","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"Keltner Channels","definition":"A 20-day exponential average with bands two ATRs above and below it.","termNp":"केल्टनर च्यानल","definitionNp":"२० दिनको एक्स्पोनेन्सियल औसत र त्यसको माथि–तल दुई ATR को ब्यान्ड।","details":"Like Bollinger Bands but built on ATR, so the bands are smoother. A close outside the channel signals a strong move.","detailsNp":"बोलिङ्गर ब्यान्ड जस्तै तर ATR मा आधारित, त्यसैले ब्यान्ड चिल्लो हुन्छ। च्यानल बाहिर बन्द हुनु बलियो चालको संकेत हो।","category":"Analysis","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"Donchian Channels","definition":"The highest high and lowest low of the last 20 sessions.","termNp":"डोन्चियन च्यानल","definitionNp":"पछिल्ला २० दिनको सबैभन्दा उच्च र सबैभन्दा न्यून मूल्य।","details":"A close above the upper line is a 20-day breakout, below the lower line a breakdown. It is the basis of classic trend-following rules.","detailsNp":"माथिल्लो रेखा माथि बन्द हुनु २० दिने ब्रेकआउट र तल्लो रेखा तल ब्रेकडाउन हो। परम्परागत प्रवृत्ति-पछ्याउने नियमको आधार यही हो।","category":"Analysis","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"Elder-Ray Index","definition":"Bull power (high minus a 13-day average) and bear power (low minus that average).","termNp":"एल्डर-रे इन्डेक्स","definitionNp":"बुल पावर (उच्च घटाउ १३ दिने औसत) र बियर पावर (न्यून घटाउ सोही औसत)।","details":"Rising bull power in an uptrend confirms buyers are in control; bear power turning less negative in a downtrend hints sellers are tiring.","detailsNp":"उकालोमा बुल पावर बढ्नुले किन्नेहरूको नियन्त्रण पुष्टि गर्छ; ओरालोमा बियर पावर कम ऋणात्मक हुनुले बेच्नेहरू थाकेको संकेत दिन्छ।","category":"Analysis","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"Fibonacci Retracement","definition":"Levels at 23.6%, 38.2%, 50% and 61.8% of a recent move, where a pullback often pauses.","termNp":"फिबोनाची रिट्रेसमेन्ट","definitionNp":"हालको चालको २३.६%, ३८.२%, ५०% र ६१.८% का तहहरू जहाँ प्रायः फिर्ती रोकिन्छ।","details":"After a rise, traders watch these levels for the pullback to find support. They are self-fulfilling at best; treat them as zones, not exact prices.","detailsNp":"बढोत्तरीपछि फिर्ती कहाँ रोकिन्छ भनेर यी तह हेरिन्छ। यी धेरैले मान्ने भएकाले मात्र काम गर्छन्; ठ्याक्कै मूल्य होइन, क्षेत्रका रूपमा हेर्नुहोस्।","category":"Analysis","level":"Advanced"},{"term":"Pivot Points","definition":"Support and resistance levels for the next session worked out from the last session's high, low and close.","termNp":"पिभट पोइन्ट","definitionNp":"अघिल्लो दिनको उच्च, न्यून र बन्द मूल्यबाट निकालिएका अर्को दिनका समर्थन र प्रतिरोध तह।","details":"The pivot is the average of high, low and close; R1/R2 above and S1/S2 below it are levels short-term traders watch.","detailsNp":"पिभट उच्च, न्यून र बन्दको औसत हो; माथि R1/R2 र तल S1/S2 छोटो अवधिका ट्रेडरले हेर्ने तह हुन्।","category":"Analysis","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Price Band","definition":"The most a share's price may move in one session: usually ±10% of the previous close on NEPSE.","termNp":"मूल्य सीमा (प्राइस ब्यान्ड)","definitionNp":"एक कारोबार दिनमा सेयरको मूल्य बढीमा कति चल्न सक्छ: NEPSE मा सामान्यतया अघिल्लो बन्दको ±१०%।","details":"Orders outside the band are rejected. A stock that closes at its upper limit often still has unfilled buy orders; at its lower limit, unfilled sell orders. New listings and some instruments have different limits. nepse.link shows each stock's limits for the next session.","detailsNp":"सीमाबाहिरका अर्डर अस्वीकार हुन्छन्। माथिल्लो सीमामा बन्द हुने सेयरमा प्रायः किन्ने अर्डर बाँकी रहन्छन्; तल्लो सीमामा बेच्ने। नयाँ सूचीकृत र केही उपकरणका सीमा फरक हुन्छन्। nepse.link ले प्रत्येक सेयरको अर्को दिनको सीमा देखाउँछ।","category":"Trading","level":"Beginner"},{"term":"Watchlist BUY","definition":"A Predictions BUY on nepse.link: a stock to research, published without a measured edge over its peers.","termNp":"वाचलिस्ट BUY","definitionNp":"nepse.link को प्रेडिक्सन BUY: अध्ययन गर्नुपर्ने सेयर, साथीहरूभन्दा राम्रो प्रमाणित नभएको।","details":"The Predictions engine only shows a BUY on a mild pullback. Its past buys have not beaten the market average, so they are listed for research, not as a recommendation; its SELL side is the one with a repeatable edge. See the track record on the Signals page.","detailsNp":"प्रेडिक्सन इन्जिनले हल्का गिरावटमा मात्र BUY देखाउँछ। विगतका BUY ले बजार औसत नजितेकाले यी सिफारिस होइन, अध्ययनका लागि मात्र हुन्; दोहोरिने फाइदा SELL मा देखिएको छ। संकेत पेजमा ट्र्याक रेकर्ड हेर्नुहोस्।","category":"Analysis","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Signal Edge","definition":"How much better a signal's stocks did than the market over the signal's window, measured on past signals.","termNp":"संकेतको फाइदा (एज)","definitionNp":"विगतका संकेतमा मापन गर्दा, संकेत दिइएका सेयरले बजारभन्दा कति राम्रो गरे।","details":"A hit rate near 50% or an average excess return near zero means no edge: the signal did no better than picking at random. nepse.link shows each engine's hit rate beside its calls.","detailsNp":"करिब ५०% हिट रेट वा शून्य नजिकको अतिरिक्त प्रतिफलको अर्थ कुनै फाइदा छैन: अनियमित छनोटभन्दा राम्रो भएन। nepse.link ले हरेक इन्जिनको हिट रेट उसको संकेतसँगै देखाउँछ।","category":"Analysis","level":"Medium"},{"term":"Bikram Sambat (BS)","definition":"Nepal's official calendar, about 56 years and 8 months ahead of the AD calendar.","termNp":"विक्रम संवत् (वि.सं.)","definitionNp":"नेपालको आधिकारिक पात्रो, ईस्वी संवत्भन्दा करिब ५६ वर्ष ८ महिना अगाडि।","details":"NEPSE, SEBON and company notices date book closures, AGMs and issues in BS, and Nepal's fiscal year runs from Shrawan to Asar (for example 2083/84). nepse.link shows BS dates beside AD.","detailsNp":"NEPSE, SEBON र कम्पनीका सूचनाले बुक क्लोज, साधारणसभा र निष्कासनका मिति वि.सं. मा दिन्छन्, र आर्थिक वर्ष साउनदेखि असारसम्म हुन्छ (जस्तै २०८३/८४)। nepse.link ले ईस्वीसँगै वि.सं. मिति देखाउँछ।","category":"General","level":"Beginner"}]